Decline

Showing 25–36 of 71 results

Nubia After the New Kingdom from 1550 BCE
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Nubia After the New Kingdom from 1550 BCE

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Egypt reached its peak of power and prosperity during the New Kingdom, but by the 11th century BCE, Egypt was in decline. With most of its empire gone and exhausted by conflicts, it finally lost its grip on a rebellious Nubia. Now divided into two dynasties, and run by ‘barbarian’... More
Ottoman Empire, 1683–1914
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Ottoman Empire, 1683–1914

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The Great Turkish War of 1683–99 saw the Ottoman Empire lose large areas of territory in Hungary and Transylvania after a defeat at the hands of a united Christian army of the Holy League. In 1724, the Ottomans took territory from the Safavid Dynasty of Iran during a period of... More
Post-Imperial Successor Regimes late 10th Century
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Post-Imperial Successor Regimes late 10th Century

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In the late 10th century, the Abbasid Caliphate had split into many independent states and was weakened by internal fighting. The Shia Fatimids, who broke from the Abbasids in 909, took control of Egypt c. 969 and occupied the holy cities of Medina and Mecca. In 945, the Iranian Buyids... More
Roman Empire c. 454 CE
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Roman Empire c. 454 CE

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By the middle of the 5th century, much of the Western Roman Empire was de facto independent, through the practice of federation, by which tribes were allowed to settle on Roman land in exchange for supplying troops for the empire’s defence. Invading Huns displaced several tribes who were driven into... More
Rome’s Retreat in the West 400–475 CE
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Rome’s Retreat in the West 400–475 CE

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The Western Roman Empire declined after the Gothic War (376–82 CE). In 406 CE, Asiatic horse warriors (the Huns) forced Germanic tribes, which included Vandali, Alans, Franks, Angles, Suevi and Saxons to cross the Rhine defences. The Vandali, Alans and Suevi moved southwards, where they fought with the Romano-Iberians and... More
Seleucid Palestine on the eve of the Maccabean Revolt 167–161 BCE
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Seleucid Palestine on the eve of the Maccabean Revolt 167–161 BCE

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The empire founded by Seleucus, one of the heir-generals of Alexander the Great, was entering a prolonged death spiral by 167 BCE, when revolt erupted in Judaea. Battered by the rising power of Parthia, bullied by the established power of Rome, the Seleucids were increasingly plagued by civil unrest and... More
Siege of Constantinople 1453
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Siege of Constantinople 1453

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In 1451, Mehmed II ascended to the Ottoman throne and planned to sack Constantinople, the Byzantine capital and one of the most heavily fortified cities in the world. He cut off supplies and raised an army of 80,000–100,000 men, along with 90 ships and 70 cannons. The 50-day siege began... More
Southeast Asia 1400
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Southeast Asia 1400

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Kublai Khan conquered, but did not occupy, Burma, preferring to leave it weak and fragmented. The Shan hilltribes exploited the resultant instability, raiding constantly before strong successor states emerged in the late 14th century: the Ava kingdom of Upper Burma and the Hanthawaddy kingdom in Pegu. The poetically named ‘Kingdom... More
Southeast Asia 1500
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Southeast Asia 1500

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During the 15th century, Muslim traders and itinerant Sufist mystics spread Islam widely through Southeast Asia. As the Hindu maritime empire of Majapahit collapsed (finally conquered by the Sultanate of Demak in 1526), a throng of Islamic sultanates filled the vacuum. The Bruneian Empire had outposts in the Phillippines and... More
The Babylonian Empire 1760 BCE
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The Babylonian Empire 1760 BCE

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The Babylonian emperor, Hammurabi, is famous for his legal code, which addressed issues as wide-ranging as cowboy builders and medical malpractice. However, when it came to boundary disputes, he wrote his own laws. He first allied with the Persian Gulf state of Larsa to repulse an invasion from Elam, then... More
The Balkans 1700–92
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The Balkans 1700–92

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The Battle of Vienna (1683) effectively marked the end of the Ottoman threat to the West, and initiated the erosion of its territorial possessions in Europe. The Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) saw the Habsburgs gain Hungary and Transylvania, while their Venetian allies acquired Morea. Smarting from these losses, the Ottomans... More
The Balkans c. 1360
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The Balkans c. 1360

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By 1360 the various Balkan states were becoming increasingly fragmented as internal rivalries and the rise of the Ottoman Empire began to take effect. With a victory near Gallipoli, the Ottomans acquired their first territory in Europe in 1354, whilst Wallachia returned to the Kingdom of Hungary as a vassal... More