Empires

Showing 121–132 of 260 results

Pre-Muslim India 1200
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Pre-Muslim India 1200

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Jaichand, the last king of the Ghadavala dynasty, like King Harold, fell to an arrow through the eye at the battle of Chandwar (1193) near his capital, Kanauj. Unlike Harold, he was then trampled by elephants, so his corpse could only be identified by its gold-capped teeth. This victory, by... More
Rise of the Ottoman Empire 1328–1566
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Rise of the Ottoman Empire 1328–1566

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The Ottoman Empire was formed in the power vacuum of eastern Anatolia during the latter part of the 13th century when Byzantine forces were preoccupied in the West and the empire of the Seljuk Turks was disintegrating under pressure from the Mongolian Empire. Osman Gazi founded the precursor state, which... More
Roman Empire 133 BCE
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Roman Empire 133 BCE

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In 170 BCE, when the Seleucid ruler, Antiochus, decided to invade the Ptolemaic Empire, a Roman envoy, Popilius, arrived to ‘persuade’ him not to. Popilius drew a circle in the sand round the king with a stick: he then told him not to leave the circle until he had agreed... More
Roman Empire c. 454 CE
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Roman Empire c. 454 CE

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By the middle of the 5th century, much of the Western Roman Empire was de facto independent, through the practice of federation, by which tribes were allowed to settle on Roman land in exchange for supplying troops for the empire’s defence. Invading Huns displaced several tribes who were driven into... More
Roman Empire During the Triumvirate 59–53 BCE
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Roman Empire During the Triumvirate 59–53 BCE

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The years 59–53 BCE were defined by the political dominance of Julius Caesar, Pompey and Crassus under an unofficial alliance known as the First Triumvirate. Caesar was instrumental in bringing about the alliance in his attempt to increase his political power following his successful governance in Hispania. Pompey aimed to... More
Roman Expansion to 270 BCE
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Roman Expansion to 270 BCE

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Rome began as a small settlement in the 8th century BCE and, legend has it, its first king was Romulus, who killed his twin Remus, to seize power. Rome became a republic in 509 BCE, when its final king, the cruel Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, was overthrown by a popular uprising.... More
Roman Provinces of Gaul 180 CE
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Roman Provinces of Gaul 180 CE

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The Mediterranean coastline of modern France was incorporated into the Roman Empire in 121 BCE, and ‘civilized’ early; its inhabitants were termed bracata (‘trousered’), as opposed to the uncouth comate (‘long-hairs’) and presumably untrousered, northerners. Caesar completed the conquest of Gaul (58–51 BCE), and defined the crude tribal divisions that... More
Romanization of Gaul 58–51 BCE
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Romanization of Gaul 58–51 BCE

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Tacitus describes how his father-in-law, the Roman general Agricola, ‘assisted communities to build temples, fora, and homes by praising those who were forward and rebuking those who were inactive. Thus, competition for honour took the place of compulsion… And this was called civilization among those who did not know better,... More
Rome and Celtiberians 208–19 BCE
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Rome and Celtiberians 208–19 BCE

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The Celtiberians of central Iberia fought as mercenaries in the Punic Wars (264–146 BCE), supporting Carthage against the Roman incursion into Carthaginian Iberia. The Carthaginian hold on Iberia was broken after the Roman victory at IIipa in 206 BCE. The southern and eastern Iberian Peninsula became a Roman province and,... More
Rome: from Republic to Empire 27 BCE–14 CE
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Rome: from Republic to Empire 27 BCE–14 CE

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On returning to Rome following his victory in Egypt, Augustus assuaged the Roman senators’ deep-rooted suspicion of autocracy by renouncing all his powers and territories and handing them back to the Roman people. The grateful Senate granted him a province that embraced Gaul, Syria, Egypt and Cyprus. Because these territories... More
Rome’s Retreat in the West 400–475 CE
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Rome’s Retreat in the West 400–475 CE

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The Western Roman Empire declined after the Gothic War (376–82 CE). In 406 CE, Asiatic horse warriors (the Huns) forced Germanic tribes, which included Vandali, Alans, Franks, Angles, Suevi and Saxons to cross the Rhine defences. The Vandali, Alans and Suevi moved southwards, where they fought with the Romano-Iberians and... More
Russia and the Mongol Invasion 1223–42
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Russia and the Mongol Invasion 1223–42

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The Battle of the Kalka River (1223) should have served warning to Kievan Rus of the existential threat posed by the Mongols, but instead the competing principalities remained divided. In 1237, a much larger Mongol army, under the command of Batu Khan, returned to administer the coup de grâce. Batu... More