Invasion

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Vikings in Normandy 911–1051
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Vikings in Normandy 911–1051

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The Vikings first began to raid what would become Normandy in the 790s and had established several permanent coastal settlements by the beginning of the 10th century. At this time, Rollo was a Viking chieftain based in Rouen, who had conducted raids on both Paris and Rouen. In a pragmatic... More
Vikings in Scotland 1014–1104
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Vikings in Scotland 1014–1104

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Sigurd the Stout, Earl of Orkney, was Norse ruler of northernmost Scotland at the beginning of the 11th century. Upon his death in 1014, his patrimony was divided between his four sons, who feuded for many years. The youngest, Thorfinn the Mighty, finally wrested control in 1030. Soon presented with... More
Wales and the March 1267
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Wales and the March 1267

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After Llewellyn ap Gruffud (‘the Last’), prince of Wales, was killed near Builth (1282), Edward I had his head crowned with ivy and hung from the Tower of London, in mocking fulfilment of a Druidic prophecy that a Welshman would be crowned in London as king of Britain. Forty years... More
War in China July 1937 – December 1944
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War in China July 1937 – December 1944

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Ever since the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, Sino-Japanese relations had been uneasy, resulting in several military exchanges, and culminating in a failed attempt by the Japanese on 8 July 1937 to take control of the Lugou or ‘Marco Polo’ Bridge near Beijing. Major battles followed, in which the... More
Welsh Castles 1276–1283
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Welsh Castles 1276–1283

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In 1276, Edward I of England began a campaign against Gwynedd after Llywelyn, prince of Wales, refused to pay homage. Edward’s army marched towards Gwynedd in 1277 and quickly subdued its Welsh vassals as many were unhappy under Llywellyn’s rule. Llywelyn was forced to sign away lands to become English... More
Western Reservations c. 1890
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Western Reservations c. 1890

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After a mid-19th century influx of miners and migrants into the Great Plains and California, the resident Native American tribes resisted. Having already been pushed into reservations in the 1830 Trail of Tears (the forced movement of certain Native Americans tribes into reservations), their homelands were again under threat. After... More
Xerxes’ Invasion of Greece 480 BCE
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Xerxes’ Invasion of Greece 480 BCE

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Xerxes the Great was determined to punish the Greeks for their victory over Persia at Marathon. After several years of planning, Xerxes’ huge army and navy travelled south from Sardis, through Thrace and Macedonia. While the land army was advancing, there were several severe storms that shipwrecked much of the... More
Yom Kippur The First Attack 6 October 1973
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Yom Kippur The First Attack 6 October 1973

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In the build-up to the Yom Kippur War, the Israelis were placed under extreme American pressure not to launch a pre-emptive strike; something they had done, with devastating success, in 1967. Consequently, the Egyptians were able to take the initiative. When they launched their offensive across the Suez Canal on... More