Settlement

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Barbarian Invasions 450 CE
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Barbarian Invasions 450 CE

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The word 'barbarian’ was used first by Greek and then by Roman historians to denote peoples whose languages they could not understand, hearing them as stammerers ("bar-bar-bar..."). The word came by association to mean groups or tribes whom the Romans viewed as primitive, uncivilized and outside their culture and control.... More
Celtic Anatolia c. 270 BCE
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Celtic Anatolia c. 270 BCE

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The War of the Diadochi (322–275 BCE), was a protracted series of conflicts between Alexander’s generals (and eventually their sons) over the control of his vast empire. In 281 BCE, a vast alliance of Celtic tribes exploited the instability to invade Greece defeating and killing the ruling Diadoch heir, Ptolemy... More
Conquest and Settlement of Canaan
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Conquest and Settlement of Canaan

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The veracity of the Book of Joshua is disputed. The archaeological record is moot: some of the places Joshua is supposed to have conquered were not settled in the relevant period (1250–1050 BCE), others, such as Hazor and Lachish were, and indeed met with violent destruction around the time of... More
Danelaw and England 902–19
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Danelaw and England 902–19

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The five boroughs of Danelaw were established by Alfred the Great through the Peace of Wedmore, agreed with the Danish king Guthrum in 878. When Alfred died he was succeeded by his son, Edward the Elder, although Edward’s cousin, Ethelwald, disputed the succession. Ethelwald gained Danish Viking support and invaded... More
Early Saxon Kingdoms c. 600
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Early Saxon Kingdoms c. 600

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After the Romans abandoned Britain in 410 CE, the Brittanic tribes were left vulnerable to attack. Consequently, a period of migration into Britain by Germanic tribes began as they settled in the eastern regions and pushed the Britons west. In some places the Britons co-existed with the Germanic settlers, but... More
Lombards in Italy 590–732
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Lombards in Italy 590–732

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The year 590 marked the death of Authari, king of the Lombards, a Germanic tribe that had originated in Scandinavia, who ruled much of the Italian peninsula from 568. His wife Theodelinda, a Bavarian princess, later remarried and did much to promote Nicene Christianity within Lombardian society. This was at... More
Moorish Conquest of Spain 711 to 732
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Moorish Conquest of Spain 711 to 732

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After the death of Muhammad in 632, the ruling Umayyad dynasty, originally from Mecca, rapidly expanded the Islamic Empire and the Arabic language across the North African ‘Maghreb’ region, eradicating Byzantine control. The Berber peoples of the western Maghreb at first opposed the Arabs, but were defeated at the battle... More
Roman Britain and the Saxon Shore c. 410 CE
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Roman Britain and the Saxon Shore c. 410 CE

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By 410 CE, the Roman Empire had crumbled and Britain, at the periphery of the Roman Empire, began to come under increased threat from marauding tribes whilst Rome weakened. Troops and money could not be spared to defend Britain from increasingly frequent raids by Picts and Scoti in the north... More
Roman Londinium c. 225 CE
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Roman Londinium c. 225 CE

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Roman Londinium was built in c. 50 CE where the City of London is now located. It grew around the northern end of a garrison timber bridge (Thames Bridge). The Thames allowed easy movement of goods between Britain and the continent. After Queen Boudicca burnt Londinium to the ground during... More
The Danelaw c. 912
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The Danelaw c. 912

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By the 8th century the four main Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were Mercia, Wessex, East Anglia and Northumbria. But in the 9th century sporadic Viking raiders began to arrive from the north and the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms faced a huge upheaval. After a period of In 865 the Danes mounted a full-scale invasion,... More
The Empire of Knud 1014–35
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The Empire of Knud 1014–35

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Knud the Great was the youngest son of the Danish king, Sweyn Forkbeard, who died during an invasion of England in 1014. Sweyn’s oldest son Harald became king of Denmark and Knud returned to England with an invasion fleet in the summer of 1015, where he found a divided nation,... More
The Kingdoms of Spain 1150
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The Kingdoms of Spain 1150

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In the latter half of the 11th century the warring Islamic states of Iberia (the taifas) became increasingly reliant on the Almoravids of North Africa, a Berber dynasty with a strong military tradition and strict adherence to Islam, to resist the advance of the Christian kingdoms from the north. In... More