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  • Central Europe 1789

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    Central Europe 1789

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    In the first partition of Poland in 1772 substantial areas of Polish territory had been annexed by Austria, Russia and Prussia, changing the balance of power in Central Europe. In 1789 the eruption of the French Revolution began a further wave of fundamental change within the traditional social hierarchy across... More
  • Central Europe in 1797

    Central Europe 1797

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    Central Europe 1797

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    After the third partition of Poland, settled on 26 January 1797, Poland disappeared from the map of Europe and its lands were divided between Prussia, the Habsburg Dominions, and the Russian Empire. The numerous small principalities and duchies on the Rhine left bank became French Republic puppet states after their... More

  • Central Europe 1806

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    Central Europe 1806

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    Following the decisive French victories over the Russian and Austrian armies at the Battle of Austerlitz and the final defeat of the Austrians at Ulm in December 1805, Austria was forced to make significant territorial concessions under the Treaty of Pressburg. This ended the War of the Third Coalition and... More
  • Central Europe in 1806

    Central Europe 1806

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    Central Europe 1806

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    On 12 July 1806, after ten years of diplomatic wooing, sixteen German client states, which included Bavaria, Wurttemberg, Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Nassau, and Berg, signed the Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine. The ‘Protector of the Confederation’ was the French Emperor, Napoleon I. The Confederation was happy to declare loyalty... More

  • Central Europe 1807

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    Central Europe 1807

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    Following Napoleon’s creation of the Confederation of the Rhine from former Austrian territories, Holy Roman Emperor Francis II renounced his throne, thereby dissolving the Holy Roman Empire, which had been in continuous existence since the year 962. The loss of many of the western states that came under the loose... More
  • Central Europe 1810

    Central Europe 1810

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    Central Europe 1810

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    The French Empire continued its expansion in 1810 with the abdication of the king of Holland, Louis Bonaparte. Holland, already a sister republic to France, was absorbed by the French Empire and Amsterdam became its third city. The Grand Duchy of Warsaw, a state created by French Emperor Napoleon I, was a militarily... More

  • Central Europe 1812

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    Central Europe 1812

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    Before Napoleon’s attempted invasion of Russia in the winter of 1812, France was on its way towards domination of mainland Europe. A series of defeats suffered by successive European alliances at the hands of Napoleon had gradually reduced the strength and territories of France’s main continental rivals, Austria and Prussia.... More

  • Central Europe 1815–70

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    Central Europe 1815–70

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    In March 1815, at the Congress of Vienna, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia formed the ‘Seventh Coalition’ determined to end the European rule of Napoleon, whom they declared ‘an outlaw’. Upon his return from exile on the island of Elba, Napoleon reassembled an army and successfully fought various minor... More

  • Central Europe 1914

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    Central Europe 1914

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    At the breakout of World War I, the borders of central Europe had generally coalesced into large nation states and regional empires which had incorporated the numerous small principalities and kingdoms that were spread across the region throughout much of the 19th century. The unification of Germany under the large... More

  • Central Europe 1919

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    Central Europe 1919

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    Following the defeat of Germany and Austro-Hungary at the end of World War I, the Treaty of Versailles was drawn up and signed on 28 June 1919 in an attempt to weaken Germany and punish it for its aggression, which was seen as the cause of the conflict. In addition... More

  • Central Europe 1993

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    Central Europe 1993

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    The early 1990s saw a series of fundamental political changes in Europe as the both the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia dissolved and a number of new independent democracies came into being. On 1 January 1993 the federal state of Czechoslovakia split into two separate states, the Czech Republic and Slovakia.... More

  • Central Europe and Northern Italy 1797

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    Central Europe and Northern Italy 1797

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    The French Republic secured victory in the War of the First Coalition in 1797, after it defeated an alliance of European powers, including Prussia and Austria as constituents of the Holy Roman Empire, Britain, Spain, the Netherlands and Portugal, who united against French expansionism and the threat of spreading revolution.... More
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