Continental

Showing 25–36 of 44 results

Remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936
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Remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936

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Hitler’s order to send German troops into the Rhineland demilitarized zone on 7 March 1936 was a fundamental breach of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, which had been signed in an attempt to bring peace to Europe and hold Germany accountable for its role in World War I. It also... More
Russia’s Western Border 1809–1914
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Russia’s Western Border 1809–1914

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Russia emerged from the Napoleonic Wars as the most powerful terrestrial power in Europe. In 1807, by switching sides to support Napoleon, they had obtained Bialystok at the Treaty of Tilsit, and then Tarnopol by the Treaty of Schonbrunn in 1809. When Napoleon then turned on Russia, his Grande Armée... More
Russo-Japanese War 1905
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Russo-Japanese War 1905

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In the second half of the 19th century, the emerging imperial powers, Japan and Russia, vied in seizing territory from an enfeebled China. By the Treaty of Aigun (1858) Russia annexed Amur; the Treaty of Tientsin (1860) conferred Ussurri. The Sino-Japanese war (1894–95) gave Japan sway over Korea, but Russia... More
Territorial Expansion to 1860
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Territorial Expansion to 1860

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Between the Treaty of Paris (1783) and the Civil War, America massively extended its territory by a mix of treaty, commercial transaction and war. Successive treaties with Britain in 1818 and 1846 secured a northern border along the 49th Parallel, acquiring the Oregon Territory and large tracts of land to... More
The Armistice 11 November 1918
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The Armistice 11 November 1918

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The Armistice was designed to achieve an immediate cessation of hostilities between Germany and the Allied Powers; its provisions did not address the disposition of German colonies, Austria-Hungary or the Ottomans. In respect of the western front it stipulated that German troops should immediately withdraw from France, Belgium, Alsace-Lorraine and... More
The Balkans September–November 1918
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The Balkans September–November 1918

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General D’Esperey, commander of the Allied Army of the Orient was, in theory, well matched by the German-backed Bulgarian forces facing him along the Macedonian Front in September 1918. The Bulgarians had proved doughty opponents in the past but their Central Powers allies were now in a state of collapse... More
The Bolshevik Seizure of Power November 1917–February 1918
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The Bolshevik Seizure of Power November 1917–February 1918

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When Trotsky consigned the Bolsheviks’ rivals in Petrograd to ‘the dustbin of history’, he seemed ridiculously premature. Russia was awash with rival factions vying for power, most of which seemed to have stronger prospects of ultimate success than Lenin’s band of revolutionaries. But the Bolsheviks had some crucial advantages. To... More
The Consolidation of Central Europe 1797
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The Consolidation of Central Europe 1797

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By 1797 the First French Republic, which had been established as a result of the French Revolution in 1789, had begun its territorial expansion into neighbouring states. Many other states within Europe, including Spain, Britain, the Dutch Republic and the Habsburg Monarchy had come together under the First Coalition from... More
The End of Empire: Breakup of the Austria-Hungarian Empire 1919–20
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The End of Empire: Breakup of the Austria-Hungarian Empire 1919–20

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The carve-up of the territories of the defunct Austro-Hungarian Empire was not an orderly process. In the south, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (KSCS) was proclaimed but remained in dispute with Italy until the Treaty of Rapallo in 1920. In February 1919, the Allied council, then negotiating the... More
The New States of Eastern Europe c. 1919
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The New States of Eastern Europe c. 1919

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The wave of national self-determination which swept eastern Europe started with Bolshevik revolution in Russia, and Lenin’s declaration of the people's ‘general right of self-determination’. Finland promptly declared independence in December 1917, which Soviet Russia confirmed. After declaring independence in 1918, Estonia and Latvia had to fight both Baltic Germans... More
The New Turkey 1926
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The New Turkey 1926

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The Treaty of Sèvres (1920) ceded Ottoman territory in Arab Asia and North Africa to the Allies; in 1923, the Turkish War of Independence finally saw off the Allied occupation. Armenia was made independent and Kurdistan (Kars) declared autonomous. The Ankara Agreement replaced this treaty in 1921, when France ceded... More
The Oregon Country and Columbia District Border dispute 1818-46
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The Oregon Country and Columbia District Border dispute 1818-46

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In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, several imperial powers including Spain, Russia, the United States and Great Britain, claimed North America’s Northwest coast. After 1824, only the United States, Russia and Britain maintained territorial claims in the region. Both Britain and the US claimed everything west of the... More