Treaties

Showing 133–144 of 150 results

Treaties of Stockholm 1719 and Nystad 1721
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Treaties of Stockholm 1719 and Nystad 1721

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When Charles XII ascended the Swedish throne in 1700, his country’s empire had dominated the Baltic for a century. An alliance of rivals led by Russia’s Peter the Great saw Charles’s youth and inexperience as the chance to break that dominance. The Great Northern War would last until 1721, but... More
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 3 March 1918
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 3 March 1918

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In March 1917, the Germans had arranged and financed Lenin’s return to Russia and, after seizing power in the October Revolution, Lenin handsomely returned the favour. In December peace negotiations began, after an armistice was declared between Russia and the Central Powers. The Bolsheviks, shocked by the severity of the... More
Treaty of Bretigny 1360
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Treaty of Bretigny 1360

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The Battle of Poitiers (1356) resulted in an emphatic victory for the English forces led by King Edward III’s son, the Black Prince. The French king, John the Good, and his son, together with most of their nobles were captured. France descended into chaos: disaffected nobles ravaged the countryside, where... More
Treaty of Mersen 870
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Treaty of Mersen 870

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Concluded at Mersen (Meerssen) in Holland in August 870, this was a treaty between Charles the Bald and his half-brother Louis the German, which divided the kingdom of Lotharingia, ruled by their nephew Lothair II, who had died the previous year, between them. The two realms were divided by the... More
Treaty of Mesilim 2550 BCE
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Treaty of Mesilim 2550 BCE

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In the middle of the third millennium, the floodplains of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers were home to a cluster of city-states, which collectively comprised the Sumerian civilization. The Treaty of Mesilim, inscribed in cuneiform on a stele, or stone pillar, is the world’s oldest known legal agreement. It refers... More
Treaty of Prüm 855
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Treaty of Prüm 855

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This was the second of three treaties that divided the Carolingian Empire and followed the Treaty of Verdun (843). The Holy Roman Emperor Lothair I had already seen the domain of his father, Louis the Pious, divided between himself and his two younger brothers, Louis the German and Charles the... More
Treaty of Ribemont 880
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Treaty of Ribemont 880

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In 879 the German king Louis the Younger, encouraged by the Bishop of Paris, had invaded West Francia, reaching as far as Verdun, but retreated after his nephews, King Louis II of France and Carloman III of France had given their share of Lotharingia (Lorraine) to him. The Treaty of... More
Treaty of Sèvres 1920
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Treaty of Sèvres 1920

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The Treaty of Sèvres, signed on 10 August 1920, set out the terms of the partition of the Ottoman Empire’s territories following its defeat in World War I. Besides massive territorial losses, the Ottoman Empire was forbidden from holding an army greater than 50,700 men, whilst its navy was massively... More
Treaty of Verdun 843
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Treaty of Verdun 843

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Following the death Charlemagne’s son, Louis I, the Carolingian Empire was split between his three sons in keeping with the method of succession of the Old Frankish Kingdoms. Lothair, the eldest son, had attempted to claim sole leadership of the empire upon the death of his father who left him... More
Treaty Ports in China 1842–1936
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Treaty Ports in China 1842–1936

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The First Opium War, triggered by the British government’s imposition of an opium trade upon Qing China, was concluded in 1842 by the Treaty of Nanking, under which the Chinese ceded to the British Empire the island of Hong Kong and the five treaty ports at Shanghai, Canton (Guangzhou), Ningpo... More
Trieste and Istria 1920–54
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Trieste and Istria 1920–54

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Austria-Hungary collapsed into numerous separate states after its defeat in World War I. Much of the area formerly known as the Austrian Littoral was annexed to Italy in 1920 following negotiations under the Treaty of Rapallo, and renamed the Julian March. As a result, many Slavs, Germans and Hungarians who... More
US Expansion 1867–1903
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US Expansion 1867–1903

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Between 1867–1903, the United States acquired Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico, American Samoa and the Philippines. The Panama Canal zone, which consisted of the canal and a 5-mile (9.8-km) radius on each bank, was made ‘unincorporated US territory’ in 1903 by the new Republic of Panama. Alaska was purchased from... More