Treaties

Showing 85–96 of 150 results

The Balkans 1700–92
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The Balkans 1700–92

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The Battle of Vienna (1683) effectively marked the end of the Ottoman threat to the West, and initiated the erosion of its territorial possessions in Europe. The Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) saw the Habsburgs gain Hungary and Transylvania, while their Venetian allies acquired Morea. Smarting from these losses, the Ottomans... More
The Balkans September–November 1918
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The Balkans September–November 1918

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General D’Esperey, commander of the Allied Army of the Orient was, in theory, well matched by the German-backed Bulgarian forces facing him along the Macedonian Front in September 1918. The Bulgarians had proved doughty opponents in the past but their Central Powers allies were now in a state of collapse... More
The Balkans, Crete and Cyprus 1878–1912
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The Balkans, Crete and Cyprus 1878–1912

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The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 heralded the final dismantling of Ottoman rule in southern Europe. The Treaty of San Stefano confirmed the independence of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, while Britain acquired Cyprus. However, Austria-Hungary and Britain were concerned about Russian dominance in the Balkans, and the subsequent Congress of Berlin... More
The Balkans, Crete and Cyprus, 1912–13
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The Balkans, Crete and Cyprus, 1912–13

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The Treaty of San Stefano in 1878 carved the independent kingdoms of Serbia, Bulgaria and Montenegro from the crumbling Ottoman Empire. These new kingdoms sought the liberation of their nationals still under Ottoman rule. In concert with Greece, they formed the Balkan League and declared war against the Ottomans in... More
The Battle of Pavia 1525
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The Battle of Pavia 1525

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After wresting Milan from imperial control, the French army of King Francis I of France moved camp to Pavia, Italy, where a decisive battle on 24 February 1525, with the Imperial-Spanish army of the Holy Roman Empire, led to a French defeat. The Battle of Pavia was the final conflict... More
The Bolshevik Seizure of Power November 1917–February 1918
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The Bolshevik Seizure of Power November 1917–February 1918

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When Trotsky consigned the Bolsheviks’ rivals in Petrograd to ‘the dustbin of history’, he seemed ridiculously premature. Russia was awash with rival factions vying for power, most of which seemed to have stronger prospects of ultimate success than Lenin’s band of revolutionaries. But the Bolsheviks had some crucial advantages. To... More
The British Isles c. 1250
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The British Isles c. 1250

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For most of the 13th century, weak kings in England saw their control over the bordering territories diminish. Although an anti-Norman Gaelic alliance was beaten at Down (1260) in northern Ireland, the independent Irish chieftains drove out their English-Norman overlords between 1261–74. By the 14th century the English residue huddled... More
The Consolidation of Central Europe 1797
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The Consolidation of Central Europe 1797

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By 1797 the First French Republic, which had been established as a result of the French Revolution in 1789, had begun its territorial expansion into neighbouring states. Many other states within Europe, including Spain, Britain, the Dutch Republic and the Habsburg Monarchy had come together under the First Coalition from... More
The Danelaw c. 912
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The Danelaw c. 912

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By the 8th century the four main Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were Mercia, Wessex, East Anglia and Northumbria. But in the 9th century sporadic Viking raiders began to arrive from the north and the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms faced a huge upheaval. After a period of In 865 the Danes mounted a full-scale invasion,... More
The End of Empire: Breakup of the Austria-Hungarian Empire 1919–20
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The End of Empire: Breakup of the Austria-Hungarian Empire 1919–20

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The carve-up of the territories of the defunct Austro-Hungarian Empire was not an orderly process. In the south, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (KSCS) was proclaimed but remained in dispute with Italy until the Treaty of Rapallo in 1920. In February 1919, the Allied council, then negotiating the... More
The End of the Ottoman Empire 30 October 1918
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The End of the Ottoman Empire 30 October 1918

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The Armistice of Mudros, marking the Ottoman Empire’s exit from World War I, was concluded between the British and Ottoman representatives on 30 October 1918. At the time, Ottoman forces were advancing in the Caucasus, but the British had taken Damascus and the Ottomans’ Bulgarian ally had sued for peace.... More
The Expansion of Bohemia under Ottokar II 1250–69
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The Expansion of Bohemia under Ottokar II 1250–69

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Ottokar I established the hereditary royal Přemyslid dynasty of Bohemia in 1198, and they would go on to become the prime power brokers in the Holy Roman Empire. His grandson, Ottokar II, rebelled against his father Wenceslas, and was both imprisoned and excommunicated before ascending to the throne in 1253.... More