Warfare

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Overall Situation 6 August 1944
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Overall Situation 6 August 1944

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Following a slow push from Utah beach into the restrictive bocage terrain of the Cotentin Peninsula, the Americans focussed their attention on Cherbourg at the northern tip. Securing the city reduced the fighting in the area to one front in the south, although its functionality as a port was badly... More
Overrunning Brittany 3–7 August 1944
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Overrunning Brittany 3–7 August 1944

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The securing of the Cotentin Peninsula enabled the Allies to turn most of their attention to the west where the majority of German occupying forces were still active. However, Brittany and most of the south of France were still under German occupation and needed to be secured to protect the... More
Overview of Falaise Encirclement 6–19 August 1944
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Overview of Falaise Encirclement 6–19 August 1944

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The momentum for the Falaise Pocket encirclement began with the failed German counterattack in Operation Lüttich. This manoeuvre used up the last of their strong combat units in the area, at a time when the Allies were gaining reinforcements and consolidating their control of western France. The prolonged engagements at... More
Overview of Front Line 7–12 June 1944
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Overview of Front Line 7–12 June 1944

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Following the initial beach landings on 6 June, the five Allied beachheads made mixed progress inland. In the west, assisted by paratroop drops, the British had secured the vital bridges across the Caen Canal, although Caen itself was still firmly in German hands. Juno and Gold made strong progress inland... More
Overview of the Front Line 12–30 June 1944
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Overview of the Front Line 12–30 June 1944

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On 13 June the British were continuing their efforts to move towards Caen from the west, when an ambush by a unit of German tanks resulted in an embarrassing defeat at Villers-Bocage. This subsequently marked the shift to more attritional engagements in the area. Between 12–30 June the main activity... More
Pacific War Overview 1943–45
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Pacific War Overview 1943–45

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Following their aerial attack on the US navy in Pearl Harbour (1941), the Japanese rapidly took possession of a vast swathe of the eastern Pacific. This rapid advance left them overextended and vulnerable to counterattack. Meanwhile, the United States rapidly replenished their navy, while their codebreakers managed to intercept Japan’s... More
Packages to Cuba 1962
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Packages to Cuba 1962

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After the United States’ botched attempt in the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro, Cuba’s Marxist-Leninist leader, Castro made a secret missile agreement with Nikita Khrushchev, the Russian premier. Khrushchev agreed to place Soviet medium range (MRBM) and intermediate range (IRBM) nuclear missile bases in Cuba. America... More
Palestine October 1917–October 1918
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Palestine October 1917–October 1918

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Having repeatedly failed to breach the Ottoman front, General Murray was replaced as Allied commander in Palestine by Field Marshal Allenby in June 1917. The crux points of his campaign were two enveloping manoeuvres, a year apart. In October 1917, the front extended from Gaza on the coast to Beersheba.... More
Panzer Advance to the Channel May 1940
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Panzer Advance to the Channel May 1940

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After crossing the Meuse, the Germans began their advance towards the Channel at astonishing speed. The French were unable to organize any coordinated counterattack as the German Panzers swept through French-ordered halt lines before the French forces had even managed to occupy them. A few counterattacks were met and overcome,... More
Parthian Wars 114–117 CE
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Parthian Wars 114–117 CE

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Rome had unfinished business with Parthia since 53 BCE, when their archers and cavalry annihilated the Roman army of Crassus at Carrhae. The Roman emperor Trajan, using as a pretext the installation of a nephew of the Parthian ruler as king of Armenia, launched a full-scale invasion. He first annexed... More
Passchendaele July–November 1917
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Passchendaele July–November 1917

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1917 began ominously for the Allies. The February Revolution in Russia threatened the collapse of the eastern front, and the German resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare was severely degrading Allied supply lines on the western front. Initiated by General Haig, the Battle of Passchendaele had two primary objectives: to close... More
Peloponnesian War 431–404 BCE
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Peloponnesian War 431–404 BCE

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In order to dominate the trade routes with southern Italy and Sicily, Athens backed Corcyra in a dispute with Corinth. Corinth enlisted Sparta’s help against Athens, and supported a Thessalian city-state revolt against Athens (432 BCE). Athens’ leader, Pericles, isolated Corinth by refusing to trade with Megara, a Spartan ally.... More