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  • Persian Invasion and Capture of Athens 480 BCE

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    Persian Invasion and Capture of Athens 480 BCE

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    Angered by their defeat at the Battle of Marathon, the Persians, under their new king, Xerxes I, were determined to subjugate Greece. Greece comprised a series of city-states, with Athens and Sparta the most powerful. In spring 480 BCE the Persians launched a combined land and sea invasion. The Persian... More

  • Persian Retreat from Athens 480 BCE

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    Persian Retreat from Athens 480 BCE

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    After the Persian army invaded Attica and took Athens in 480 BCE, they set fire to the Acropolis and destroyed much of the city. This angered the Athenians, many of whom had evacuated to Salamis, off the coast of Attica. In retaliation, they lured the Persian fleet towards Salamis into... More

  • Philippi Races 3 June 1861

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    Philippi Races 3 June 1861

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    After a period of equivocation, Virginia belatedly voted for secession. However, the northwest of the state remained heavily pro-Union. Accordingly, the local Confederate commander, Colonel Porterfield, found it difficult to recruit, struggling to muster an ill-trained, ill-armed force of 800. Realizing defence was his only option, he burnt bridges to... More

  • Pickett’s Mill 27 May 1864

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    Pickett’s Mill 27 May 1864

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    In ‘The Crime at Pickett’s Mill’ Ambrose Bierce, the celebrated satirist who fought there as a young Union lieutenant, describes, caustically, its blood-drenched futility. After a delay of ‘seven hours… to acquaint the enemy of our intention to surprise him’, Bierce recounts General Wood volunteering ‘We will send in Hazen... More

  • Pigeon’s Ranch 28 March 1862

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    Pigeon’s Ranch 28 March 1862

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    Pigeon’s Ranch earned its name from the way its French-American owner puffed his chest and flapped his arms when dancing the fandango at local hops. The ranch functioned as an inn ‘like an Asian caravansary’ catering to passing wagon trains. On 28 March 1862, the Union army (stuffed with volunteers,... More

  • Plan of Stirling Castle

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    Plan of Stirling Castle

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    While a Pictish stronghold may have originally existed here, the earliest record of the castle dates to Alexander I’s dedication of a chapel in 1110. As with so much else in Scotland, it was catapulted to prominence by David I, who made it a royal burgh (1124) and a centre... More

  • Plataea Campaign 479 BCE

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    Plataea Campaign 479 BCE

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    Most of the Persian army left Athens after their naval defeat at Salamis. The military commander, Mardonius, was left in control of the remaining, still sizeable, army of occupation. Mardonius put the city of Athens to the torch and deployed his army on the mountain plains of Plataea. Here he... More

  • Pliska 811

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    Pliska 811

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    The battle of Pliska began in the Varbica Pass in Bulgaria on 25 July 811. Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus, who had long been planning an invasion of Bulgaria, set off with 80,000 men in June 811. His army quickly plundered its way through Bulgarian territory and made its way to the... More

  • Pointe du Hoc initial landing to Midday 6 June 1944

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    Pointe du Hoc initial landing to Midday 6 June 1944

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    Situated on an outcrop between Utah and Omaha beaches, Pointe du Hoc was the site of gun emplacements and a group of casemates, which acted as a vital observation point for defensive positions firing upon the nearby beaches. American Rangers were tasked with ascending the cliffs to reach the defensive... More

  • Poland 1618

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    Poland 1618

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    The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1618 was one of the largest, most populous countries in Europe. It had an elective monarchy and was run by nobility who avoided becoming embroiled in the destructive Thirty Years’ War, which ranged Protestants against Roman Catholics and was beginning to devastate the Holy Roman Empire... More

  • Poland 1648

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    Poland 1648

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    1648 marked the beginning of the ‘Deluge’ (c. 1648–60), a ruinous phase of uprisings and wars. It began with the Zaporogian Cossack independence struggle against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1648–55, supported by Tatars of the Crimean Khanate and disparate disaffected elements within the region, including the peasants. The rebellion resulted... More

  • Poland c. 1680

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    Poland c. 1680

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    In 1672–76, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth lost control of Podolia (in modern Ukraine) to the Turkish Ottoman Empire. In 1683, after the Ottomans seized Vienna in Austria, the Commonwealth joined forces with the Austrian-led Holy Roman Empire to form a ‘Christian Coalition’ against the Islamic ‘threat’. The Polish king, John III... More
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