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    The World 1600

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    The World 1600

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    In the 16th century, the Portuguese had established the first pan-global trading empire with outposts from Brazil to Nagasaki, while the Spanish were extracting vast wealth from their viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru. The Ming were in steady decline in China, while the Mughals were at their peak in... More
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    The World 1700

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    The World 1700

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    There was a change in the European power balances in the 17th century, with the ground-breaking first colonizers from Iberia becoming increasingly outrivalled by the maritime powers of France, England and the Dutch. France under Louis XIV was also Europe’s dominant terrestrial power, but would soon be humbled, with its... More
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    The World 1800

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    The World 1800

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    In 1800, the European order dominated the world map with its rival, the Ottoman Empire, falling behind. In 1800, the United States was independent, but the southwest remained under Spanish control. Central and South America, in addition to the West Indies, were western European possessions. The British controlled much of... More
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    The World 1850

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    The World 1850

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    By 1850, the need for raw materials continued to drive the expansion of European empires. This generated a ‘scramble’ for land, particularly in Africa and Southeast Asia. This imperialist drive created the beginnings of globalization, but also acted as a catalyst for revolution and nationalist movements. Not only were there... More
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    The World 1950

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    The World 1950

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    After World War II, the USA and Soviet Union were the foremost military powers. Israel was established in 1948 by partitioning Britain’s former Palestinian mandates. Britain’s empire was shrinking, especially after Indian independence in 1948; in 1950, the British were on the verge of losing Sudan, which Egypt claimed as... More
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    The World 2000

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    The World 2000

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    By 2000, the former European colonies were independent, with Africa comprised of 54 sovereign states. With boundaries created predominantly by the Europeans, there were border tensions between many African countries. In 2000, there was war in the Congo and Eritrea-Ethiopia. Much of Africa was also blighted by poverty and famine.... More
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    The World 250 CE

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    The World 250 CE

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    The mid-3rd century was a period of crisis for the world’s empires. The Han dynasty in China had disintegrated, leaving the empire split into three kingdoms, and wracked by civil war; in India, the Satavahana kingdom fragmented in the 230s while, in the same decade, the Parthians would be supplanted... More
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    The World 500 CE

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    The World 500 CE

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    The Western Roman Empire came to an end in 476 when the Ostrogoth, Odoacer, deposed Romulus Augustulus. Theoderic the Great killed Odoacer in 493, replacing him as king of Italy and the Ostrogoths. Justinian’s attempts to restore the old Roman Empire from his base in Constantinople were ultimately thwarted by... More
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    Trieste and Istria 1866–1918

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    Trieste and Istria 1866–1918

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    In 1867, the Austrian Empire enacted a reform known as the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. This established separate parliaments and administrative operations for the historic kingdom of Hungary and the Austrian Empire, whilst both remained unified under a single head of state as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary.... More
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    War of Panehsy c. 1087–1080 BCE

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    War of Panehsy c. 1087–1080 BCE

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    During the reign of the ineffectual Ramesses XI, Egypt was becoming chaotic and fragmented. Amenhotep, the high priest in Thebes and the most powerful man in Upper Egypt, was deposed by his people. Pharaoh Ramesses, petitioned by Amenhotep, had no choice but to restore him to office. Ramesses instructed Viceroy... More
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    Yuan China 1271–1368

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    Yuan China 1271–1368

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    After the division of the Mongol Empire in 1259, it split into four separate khanates, controlled by various elements of the Mongolian ruling class. The Yuan Dynasty was founded by Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, and comprised the traditional northern Chinese Empire. Kublai Khan was careful to portray himself... More
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