Expansion

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Central Europe 1810
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Central Europe 1810

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The French Empire continued its expansion in 1810 with the abdication of the king of Holland, Louis Bonaparte. Holland, already a sister republic to France, was absorbed by the French Empire and Amsterdam became its third city. The Grand Duchy of Warsaw, a state created by French Emperor Napoleon I, was a militarily... More
Central Europe 1812
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Central Europe 1812

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Before Napoleon’s attempted invasion of Russia in the winter of 1812, France was on its way towards domination of mainland Europe. A series of defeats suffered by successive European alliances at the hands of Napoleon had gradually reduced the strength and territories of France’s main continental rivals, Austria and Prussia.... More
Charlemagne’s Empire 814
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Charlemagne’s Empire 814

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By the time of his death on 28 January 814, Charlemagne had conquered most of western Europe and instituted a number of lasting changes to its social and political landscape. Charlemagne was instrumental in the spread of Catholic Christianity throughout the German lands in particular and prioritized education and law... More
Chinese Expansion During the Ming Dynasty 1368–1644
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Chinese Expansion During the Ming Dynasty 1368–1644

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Over 276 years, 17 emperors ruled the Ming dynasty in a period that saw stability, economic growth, maritime exploration and international trade. The prevention of Mongol resurgence was paramount, with northern garrisons positioned at strategic points and a huge standing army of over one million men. The Great Wall of... More
Construction Phases of Persepolis c. 500–440 BCE
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Construction Phases of Persepolis c. 500–440 BCE

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Darius I began the construction of Persepolis, the new capital of the Achmaenid Empire, towards the end of the 6th century BCE. He laid down the lineaments of power; the Apadana, or grand throne room with accompanying antechambers, and a propylaea, or gateway building, together with the Treasury. A small... More
Damascus 634
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Damascus 634

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In the early 7th century, Damascus was part of the Byzantine Empire and one of the foremost commercial and cultural centres of the Middle East. It had fortifications matching its importance, enclosed by 36-ft (11-m) high walls, and its defending forces were commanded by Thomas, son-in-law of the Byzantine emperor.... More
Dynastic Politics and Hindu Temples 550–1000 CE
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Dynastic Politics and Hindu Temples 550–1000 CE

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The Indian subcontinent was split between numerous rival kingdoms after the fall of the Gupta Empire around 550 CE. Throughout the rest of the first millennium CE, numerous smaller kingdoms fought for control of regional resources and trade routes. Many smaller kingdoms struggled for survival as borders and alliances frequently... More
Early Aztec Empire 1440–69
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Early Aztec Empire 1440–69

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Moctezuma I (1440–69) established a Triple Alliance with the neighbouring city-states of Texcoco and Tlacopan, which would become the Aztec instrument of empire. He extended Aztec dominion to the Gulf coast, subduing the Huastecs. More mettlesome opponents were found closer to home: the Chalco city-state at the southern end of... More
Early Mesopotamia and Syria 4300–2300 BCE
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Early Mesopotamia and Syria 4300–2300 BCE

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Cuneiform tablets found in excavations of the ancient cities of Mari and Ebla have provided a wealth of information about the history and daily lives of the peoples in early Mesopotamia and Syria. The inhabitants of this region were Sumerian and their earliest settlements were in Sumer around the Persian... More
Early States of Mesopotamia 2334–2004 BCE
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Early States of Mesopotamia 2334–2004 BCE

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Sargon the Conqueror had an unconventional apprenticeship for an imperial warlord, working first as a gardener, then a canal cleaner. In fact, it was with a corps of fellow drainage engineers that he initially seized power from the King of Kish. Thereafter, he expanded his rule remorselessly, through Gutium and... More
East Asia on the Eve of Mongol Expansion 1206
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East Asia on the Eve of Mongol Expansion 1206

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On the eve of their empire’s expansion, the Mongols were part of a central and northern Asian region dominated by competing empires, many of whom the Khan had conquered by the time of his death in 1227. Genghis Khan was proclaimed supreme ruler of the Mongols in 1206, having fought... More
Egypt and the Near East 630–560 BCE
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Egypt and the Near East 630–560 BCE

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The power vacuum created by the decline of Assyrian power appeared to offer opportunity for expansion to the Saite pharaohs. First, Psamtek I, and then Neko II, launched campaigns with a northward reach to the borders of Asia Minor in a bid to emulate the New Kingdom. However, there was... More