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Travels of Ibn Jubair 1183–85
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Travels of Ibn Jubair 1183–85

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A secretary to the Almohad governor of Valencia in southern Spain, Ibn Jubair set out on pilgrimage seeking both expiation (for the sin of drinking wine) and his roots – his ancestors came from his destination, Mecca. His travelogue is vivid, crammed with telling observations of the sights and people... More
Viking Settlement of Greenland 900–1490
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Viking Settlement of Greenland 900–1490

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Gunnborn, a Norwegian settler of Iceland, first sighted the island early in the 10th century, but the coastline was not explored until Erik the Red (982), after an earlier settlement attempt by Snaebjorn Galti ended in mayhem and failure. Erik later returned with a full-scale expedition, using the name ‘Greenland’... More
Viking Voyages to Iceland, Greenland and North America c. 985–1020
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Viking Voyages to Iceland, Greenland and North America c. 985–1020

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The first sighting of North America by the Norse was when a trader, Bjarni Herolfson, was blown off course on a voyage to western Greenland in 986. Word of his discovery excited the interest of Leif Eriksson, son of Erik the Red, the founder of the Greenland colony. Using Bjarni’s... More
Voyages of Columbus 1492–1504
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Voyages of Columbus 1492–1504

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Christopher Columbus, despite his role in the Spanish colonization of the Americas, was Genoese. The Catholic monarchs of Spain agreed to fund Columbus’s expedition to find a western trade route and agreed to make him governor of any lands he discovered. His first voyage, with only three modestly sized ships,... More
Voyages of Discovery 1499–1502
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Voyages of Discovery 1499–1502

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With marvellous aplomb, the Treaty of Tordesillas (1492) divided the whole world, for colonization purposes, between Portugal and Castile. Pedro Cabral, en route to India, came upon the coastline of Brazil, claiming it for Portugal. Far to the north, the Corte-Real brothers would retrace the steps of earlier Norse explorers... More
Voyages of James Cook 1768–71
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Voyages of James Cook 1768–71

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In May 1768 Captain James Cook was given command of the Endeavour, and instructed to observe to visit Tahiti and observe the Transit of Venus, due to take place the following year. He set sail, with a party of scientists and artists led by the botanist Joseph Banks, from Plymouth... More
Voyages of St Brendan c. 512–530
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Voyages of St Brendan c. 512–530

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The Irish monks were intrepid and adventurous missionaries in the 6th and 7th centuries. St Columba founded the monastery on the island of Iona (563), which became a way-station for the conversion of the British Isles. St Columba spread the mission to continental Europe in the late 6th century. The... More
Washington in the West 1748–54
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Washington in the West 1748–54

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The Ohio Company was a land speculation company owned by Virginians, who wanted to create a trading settlement in Ohio, west of Virginia. The company was given a land grant by the British government in 1749 and received investments from Virginian colonists who were interested in the trading opportunities the... More
West Indies 1525 to 1650
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West Indies 1525 to 1650

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The Spanish colonization of the Americas was driven by an implacable pursuit of wealth, in particular gold. Accordingly, they settled only the main islands of the Caribbean, as entreports for the trade with the mineral rich mainland. To man their operations, they enslaved the native American populations, but when these... More
West Indies: Exploration to 1525
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West Indies: Exploration to 1525

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After his discovery in 1492 of what he believed to his dying day to be Asia, Columbus completed three further voyages to the Caribbean, establishing the Spanish hub for future ventures at Santo Domingo on Hispaniola, visiting most of the major islands, exploring the coast of Central America and discovering... More