Conquest

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Damascus 634
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Damascus 634

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In the early 7th century, Damascus was part of the Byzantine Empire and one of the foremost commercial and cultural centres of the Middle East. It had fortifications matching its importance, enclosed by 36-ft (11-m) high walls, and its defending forces were commanded by Thomas, son-in-law of the Byzantine emperor.... More
David’s Wars of Conquest 1008–970 BCE
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David’s Wars of Conquest 1008–970 BCE

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After exile by Saul, David developed a rebel following and proclaimed himself king of Judah at Hebron. He then captured Jerusalem (which his general, Joab, entered by crawling up a drainage shaft), making it his new capital. Next, he conquered the region of Shepelah from the Philistines who, thereafter, were... More
Early Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms c. 500–770
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Early Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms c. 500–770

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As the Roman grip weakened, seaborne marauding by Germanic tribes upon Britain southern coasts became so incessant that it was named the “Saxon Shore”. When the Romans finally evacuated in 410, the incursions became permanent. The feuding native Britons were able to unite briefly to inflict defeat on the invaders... More
East Asia on the Eve of Mongol Expansion 1206
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East Asia on the Eve of Mongol Expansion 1206

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On the eve of their empire’s expansion, the Mongols were part of a central and northern Asian region dominated by competing empires, many of whom the Khan had conquered by the time of his death in 1227. Genghis Khan was proclaimed supreme ruler of the Mongols in 1206, having fought... More
Eastern Europe c. 1460
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Eastern Europe c. 1460

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The balance of powers on Europe’s eastern frontiers was undergoing a transition in the middle of the 15th century. To the north, Muscovy was beginning to outrival the Tatar khanates: in the 1480s, Ivan the Great would repulse the Golden Horde, and install a puppet Khan of Khazan. To the... More
England in 1066
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England in 1066

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The death of Edward the Confessor in January 1066 began a complicated dispute over the succession to the English throne. Harold Godwinson, a powerful noble, became king in the absence of a viable successor amongst Edward’s broader bloodline. Meanwhile, the duke of Normandy William the Conqueror, claimed that Edward had... More
Europe August 1940
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Europe August 1940

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World War II began in September 1939 with the German invasion of Poland but, despite a declaration of war against Germany by Britain and France, neither country launched any significant land-based military operations against the German occupation. This period was known as the Phoney War due to Allied inaction despite... More
European Travellers to the Mongol Court 1245–1295
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European Travellers to the Mongol Court 1245–1295

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By 1245, the Mongols had crossed into central Europe, successfully conquering Hungary in 1241. Rumours of Mongol cruelty, such as the butchering of civilian populations who had been promised peaceful occupation, added to heightened terror throughout European Christendom; military orders (‘Warrior Monks’) were encamped on the plains of Hungary, ready... More
Expansion of Rome 500–218 BCE
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Expansion of Rome 500–218 BCE

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After deposing their last Etruscan king, Tarquin, in 509 BCE, the new Roman republic first consolidated its power, by alliance or conquest, over the plain of Latium. The Romans then confronted their former overlords and neighbours, the Etruscans, seizing control of the River Tiber in 396 BCE. Rome itself was... More
First Battle of Carrhae 53 BCE
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First Battle of Carrhae 53 BCE

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Parthia was the scene of one of the Roman Empire’s most crushing defeats. Seven legions of the Roman army, led by wealthy politician and military commander, Marcus Licinius Crassus, advanced into Carrhae in 53 BCE, as part of a strategy to conquer the powerful Parthian Empire. The 35,000-strong legions advanced... More
France and Belgium May–June 1940
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France and Belgium May–June 1940

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On 10 May 1940, Germany invaded westwards with a strategy that surprised the Allies geographically and tactically. The Belgian fort Eben Emael fell the next day, allowing German forces to cross the Albert Canal and the heavily defended Belgian border, distracting the Allies from the German Ardennes offensive. They advanced... More
Greater Germany 1942
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Greater Germany 1942

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In 1942 Germany, which sought to establish the Greater German Reich in Europe, dominated most of the continent. Austria and Luxembourg had been completely absorbed, as had the ‘General Government for the occupied Polish area’, which was established by a decree in October 1939 and was located in the centre... More