Occupation

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Rise of the Ottoman Empire 1328–1566
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Rise of the Ottoman Empire 1328–1566

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The Ottoman Empire was formed in the power vacuum of eastern Anatolia during the latter part of the 13th century when Byzantine forces were preoccupied in the West and the empire of the Seljuk Turks was disintegrating under pressure from the Mongolian Empire. Osman Gazi founded the precursor state, which... More
Roman Conquest of Britain 43–83 CE
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Roman Conquest of Britain 43–83 CE

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Britain was not conquered until the reign of the unpopular Roman emperor, Claudius, in 43 CE. After an earlier token invasion by Julius Caesar in 55 BCE (and again the following year), Britain was perceived as a misty, wild country, inhabited by fierce, blue-painted warriors. In 43 CE the main... More
Roman Empire 133 BCE
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Roman Empire 133 BCE

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In 170 BCE, when the Seleucid ruler, Antiochus, decided to invade the Ptolemaic Empire, a Roman envoy, Popilius, arrived to ‘persuade’ him not to. Popilius drew a circle in the sand round the king with a stick: he then told him not to leave the circle until he had agreed... More
Roman Provincial Development 50–410 CE
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Roman Provincial Development 50–410 CE

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Julius Caesar invaded Britain (Britannia) in 54 BCE where he received tribute and subdued the Trinovantes. After this, he returned to his conquests in Gaul. In 43 CE, the Emperor Claudius despatched four legions to conquer Britain. After General Vespasian and his legion successfully routed the British, Claudius entered Colchester... More
Russian Campaign–Advance to Smolensk 22 June–24 August 1812
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Russian Campaign–Advance to Smolensk 22 June–24 August 1812

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After crossing the Russian border on 24 June 1812, Napoleon falsely believed that he would quickly defeat the two main Russian armies. His X corps, under Maréchal Macdonald, was to guard Napoleon’s northern flank, while Prince Karl von Schwarzenberg’s V corps and General Reynier’s VII corps protected the southern flank.... More
Russian Capture of Trebizond 5 February–18 April 1916
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Russian Capture of Trebizond 5 February–18 April 1916

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With the Allied evacuation of Gallipoli at the end of 1915, substantial Ottoman forces would be released to reinforce their other fronts. Realizing this, the Russians made a pre-emptive strike in eastern Anatolia with an army of 300,000; their first target being the formidably fortified city of Erzerum. After routing... More
Russian Expansion in the West 1640–67
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Russian Expansion in the West 1640–67

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In 1610–12, at the height of the ‘Time of Troubles’, Poles had occupied Moscow, their mercenaries massacring inhabitants and their domineering Catholicism alienating the nobility. Accordingly, when the Zaporozhian Cossacks rose in revolt against Poland in land seized from Russia, Tsar Alexis saw the opportunity for revenge. The revolt began... More
Soviet Invasion of Manchuria August–September 1945
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Soviet Invasion of Manchuria August–September 1945

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The Soviets’ final operation of World War II was the invasion of the Japanese-administered territories in Mongolia, Manchuria (Manchukuo), northern Korea and the Kuril Islands. The invasion began in August 1945, three months after the Germans’ surrender, and coinciding with the US bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. On 9 August... More
The Advance to Baghdad 30 March–12 April 2003
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The Advance to Baghdad 30 March–12 April 2003

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As US forces moved closer to Baghdad, a crucial deception plan paid off when a large number of Iraqi troops were moved north of Baghdad on 2 April to protect it from a supposed US attack from Turkey. The Iraqi troops were moved from the strategically important Karbala gap between... More
The Advance to Baghdad March 20–30 2003
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The Advance to Baghdad March 20–30 2003

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Following a lengthy build up of political support for the invasion of Iraq within the US, and mixed support amongst its western allies, some 100,000 US troops were deployed to Kuwait in mid-February 2003. The invasion was launched in earnest on 20 March following preliminary airstrikes against Iraqi observation positions... More
The Anglo-Norman Invasion 1169-89
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The Anglo-Norman Invasion 1169-89

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Rory O’ Connor, former High King of Ireland, died in his eighties in peaceful retirement at Cong Abbey (1198). Rory had inadvertently sparked the Norman invasion when he crushed Dermot MacMurragh of Leinster in battle. MacMurragh enlisted Norman support to regain his lands, making Richard Strongbow, Earl of Pembroke his... More
The Arab Invasion 15 May–1 June 1948
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The Arab Invasion 15 May–1 June 1948

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In November 1947, a United Nations (UN) resolution agreed partition of British Palestine into separate, independent Jewish and Arab states. It was further specified that the area of paramount religious significance – the environs of Jerusalem – would be placed under UN control. Arab states, and the Palestinian Arabs, violently... More