Invasion

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The Expansion of France and Prussia 1797
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The Expansion of France and Prussia 1797

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Relations between the French Republic and its neighbouring monarchies had deteriorated since 1791. Prussia, in alliance with Austria, declared war on France in June 1792, invading a month later. Thereafter, the First Coalition, which loosely comprised Austria, Prussia, Spain, Holland, Sardinia and Britain, embarked on a series of intermittent invasions... More
The Fall of France, the Rise of Vichy June–July 1940
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The Fall of France, the Rise of Vichy June–July 1940

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After the evacuation at Dunkirk and success in northern France, the Germans focused on moving south, with divisions crossing the Seine as well as turning eastward to isolate the remaining French forces at the Maginot Line. They continued to Paris, with German forces sweeping through eastern and western France, and... More
The Fall of Kievan Rus 1054
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The Fall of Kievan Rus 1054

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After the death of Yaroslav the Wise in 1054, a protracted battle for the succession embroiled and, ultimately, partitioned Kievan Rus. Vseslav the Sorcerer, the pagan prince of Polotsk, seized and burned Novgorod and, after Yaroslav’s three sons were defeated in battle by the Turkic Cumans in 1068, he seized... More
The Fall of Kievan Rus c. 1240
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The Fall of Kievan Rus c. 1240

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Kievan Rus was a loose federation of Slavic lands that had coalesced from the 9th century. This loose Federation of city-states was held together by the family bonds of the ruling princes. The Ruikovichi, who were descended from the Varangian chieftain, Rurik. Vladimir (r. 980-1015) ruled from Kiev, and his... More
The French Empire c. 1812
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The French Empire c. 1812

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Historians refer to Napoleon’s empire as ‘the First French Empire’, despite France having colonial possessions from the 17th century onwards. At its peak in 1811, much of western Europe was ruled directly by Napoleon or by a Bonaparte family member. Several of Napoleon’s brothers and sisters were appointed as royalty... More
The French Revolution 1789–93
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The French Revolution 1789–93

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Initially, the European powers seemed content to spectate, with a mixture of horror and schadenfreude, as France succumbed to revolution. The seizure (and later execution) of the French king Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette transformed perceptions, spurred on by agitation from influential emigrés: this was now an existential threat to... More
The Great Northern War 1700–21
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The Great Northern War 1700–21

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The Swedish Empire was dominant in northern Europe around the turn of the 18th century. Peter the Great was seeking to extend Russia’s influence and needed access to Baltic ports to expand trade. Russia formed an alliance with Denmark-Norway and Saxony-Poland and began a combined attack against Sweden in February... More
The Gulf War Phase 1: 17 January to 23 February 1991
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The Gulf War Phase 1: 17 January to 23 February 1991

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By 1990, the Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein was ruinously in debt owing to his long war with Iran. Most of this debt was owed to Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, who ignored Saddam’s requests for commutation. Moreover, Iraq’s oil revenues were depressed by Kuwaiti/Saudi overproduction; together with some confected territorial claims... More
The Invasion of Greece 6–30 April 1941
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The Invasion of Greece 6–30 April 1941

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In October 1940 Italy invaded Greece from Albania but the Greeks forced them back; in early 1941 the Italians failed in a further counterattack so Germany intervened. As German forces gathered in Bulgaria, the Allies realized that a Greek invasion seemed likely. Under the declaration of 1939, Britain was bound... More
The Invasion of Serbia October–November 1915
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The Invasion of Serbia October–November 1915

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Serbia was unfinished business for the Central Powers after the abortive invasion of 1914. Austria-Hungary, fighting on two fronts after Italy’s entry to the war, had been reluctant to attack Serbia again. But the crushing victory over Russia at Gorlice-Tarnow relieved their northern front, and then, in September 1915, Bulgaria... More
The Kingdom of England and the Scandinavian Kings 955–1042
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The Kingdom of England and the Scandinavian Kings 955–1042

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“The Unready”, King Eathelred’s sobriquet, meant “ill-advised”, but he might justifiably be termed unlucky, as his accession in 979 at 13, was quickly followed by the resumption of concerted Viking raiding after a hiatus of several decades. His defeat by a Viking army at Maldon (991) led to a resumption... More
The Kingdoms of Spain 1150
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The Kingdoms of Spain 1150

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In the latter half of the 11th century the warring Islamic states of Iberia (the taifas) became increasingly reliant on the Almoravids of North Africa, a Berber dynasty with a strong military tradition and strict adherence to Islam, to resist the advance of the Christian kingdoms from the north. In... More