Kingdoms

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Great Zimbabwe c. 1000
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Great Zimbabwe c. 1000

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The earliest stone structures at Great Zimbabwe date to c. 1000, and the main construction took place from the 13th century, possibly through resettlement of the founders of Mapungubwe to the south. The original settlers at the site belong to the Gokomere culture, a Shona people. By the 15th century,... More
Great Zimbabwe c. 1000–1500
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Great Zimbabwe c. 1000–1500

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The metalworking of iron and copper began over a thousand years ago around Phalaborwa, helping to fuel the development of southern Africa’s first state system based on the settlement of Mapungubwe. By the 13th century, the regional centre of power had drifted north to Great Zimbabwe, the primary settlement of... More
Herod’s Kingdom 40–20 BCE
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Herod’s Kingdom 40–20 BCE

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Under the patronage of Mark Antony, then in control in Rome, Herod was appointed king of the Jews by the Roman Senate in 40 BCE, and set out to claim his kingdom from his rival, the usurper Antigonus. Until his dizzying elevation, Herod had been a provincial governor in Galilee,... More
Hungary under Matthew Corvinus 1477–90
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Hungary under Matthew Corvinus 1477–90

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Matthew Corvinus was the son of the renowned Hungarian general, John Hunyadi, who defeated the Ottoman conqueror of Constantinople, Murad II, at the Battle of Belgrade (1456). Elected Hungarian king by its parliament at just 14 (largely through papal influence, out of regard for his father’s achievements in protecting Christendom),... More
India c. 1500
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India c. 1500

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The primary powers in pre-Mughal India occupied the far north and south of the subcontinent. Both Krishnadevaraya (r. 1509–29) of Viyanayagar, and Sikander Lodi (r. 1489–517) of the Delhi Sultanate were approximations of Renaissance rulers: cultured, expansive, open to trade and effective in both war and government. Although not inveterate... More
India of the early Vedas 1500–900 BCE
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India of the early Vedas 1500–900 BCE

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The early Vedic period is from 1500–900 BCE. At the beginning of this period, Aryan nomads migrated from Eurasia (possibly the Baltic region) to the northern Indus valley, embracing Udichya, Madhyama-Dish, Vajji, Dakshina-Patha and part of Pratichya. They called this region ’Brahamvarta’ which means ‘land of the gods’. Their religious... More
Islamic Spain c. 1030
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Islamic Spain c. 1030

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The Islamic Caliphate of Córdoba disintegrated into a number of regional principalities in 1031 after shifting balances of power and a lengthy civil war following the death of al-Halam II in 976. The caliphate was originally established as the Emirate of Córdoba by Abd-ar-Rahman I, who was a junior member... More
Israel and Judah at the Time of Jeroboam II 786–746 BCE
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Israel and Judah at the Time of Jeroboam II 786–746 BCE

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Israel enjoyed stability and prosperity and was at the peak of its economic and military power under the reign of Jeroboam II, the 14th king of Israel. Jeroboam II expanded Israel’s borders to include Hamath (west central Syria), in addition to recovering all the land lost by his predecessors. This... More
Italian States 1789
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Italian States 1789

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Following the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14) Austria was the dominant foreign power in Italy – the Papal States, the maritime republics of Venice and Genoa, and the Duchy of Savoy all remained independent. The power of the Papal States had declined after the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, when the... More
Italy c. 1000
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Italy c. 1000

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By the year 1000, Italy was divided between a number of different empires, kingdoms and regional leaders In 961 Otto I of Germany had invaded the Kingdom of the Lombards, uniting the crowns of Italy and Germany, and creating the Holy Roman Empire. Lombardy was the nucleus of imperial Italy,... More
Jewish expansion under Hasmonean Dynasty 140–116 BCE
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Jewish expansion under Hasmonean Dynasty 140–116 BCE

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The dynasty derived its name from a distant priestly ancestor, Hasmonaeus, of the family that secured Jewish independence from the Seleucid Empire. Judah, the rebel leader, was killed in battle; his younger brother, Jonathan, took over and by skilful exploitation of Seleucid dynastic rivalries gained the governorship of Judaea and... More
Kamose’s Raid on Avaris c. 1540 BCE
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Kamose’s Raid on Avaris c. 1540 BCE

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Tired of the Hyksos occupation, the Theban pharaoh, Kamose, raided Avaris, their trading and administrative hub in the northeastern Nile delta (c. 1540 BCE). These relatively benign oppressors allowed the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt to function as ‘vassal kingdoms’. Kamose believed that the Kingdom of Egypt was rightfully... More