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Powell’s Thesis: 58 Basic Indian Languages
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Powell’s Thesis: 58 Basic Indian Languages

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The US soldier John Wesley Powell (1834–1902) compiled the first extensive classification of Native American languages in his 1891 work based upon an assessment of their lexical similarities. Following a lengthy process of data collection and analysis, Powell came to distinguish 58 distinct linguistic stocks or families across North America,... More
Sapir’s Thesis: Six Basic Indian Languages
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Sapir’s Thesis: Six Basic Indian Languages

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After the numerous smaller language groups outlined by John Powell in 1891, later theories moved towards broader categorizations. Edward Sapir’s theory on the existence of six super-stocks, which was released in its most notable form in Encyclopaedia Britannica in 1929, made a number of amalgamations of Native American language stocks... More
The Crimea–Russian Native Speakers 2001
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The Crimea–Russian Native Speakers 2001

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Crimea has always been something of an anomaly: at the time of the formation of the Soviet Union, its majority population was Tatar. Subsequent Russian immigration meant that, by 2001, over 60 per cent of the population claimed Russian ethnicity, and 77 per cent Russian as their native language. By... More
The Decline of the Irish Language 1851
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The Decline of the Irish Language 1851

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By 1800, fluency in English was seen as essential for social advancement in Ireland. It was the language of the courts and of commerce. The opening of Maynooth Seminary near Dublin (1795) by a British government grant cemented English as the language of the Catholic clergy and thus, of education,... More
The Decline of the Irish Language 1961
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The Decline of the Irish Language 1961

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In 1841, Irish speakers numbered some 4 million. Fifty years later, after the depredations of the Great Famine and endemic mass emigration, that number had dwindled to under 700,000. English had become not just the language of socio-economic advancement but survival. Concern at the decline sparked an attempted revival, exemplified... More
The Languages and Dialects of the Low Countries 2018
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The Languages and Dialects of the Low Countries 2018

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The wide variety of languages and regional dialects spoken in the ‘Low’ or ‘Benelux’ countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg) fall into two main groups: Germanic, Low Saxon languages and their variants, and French-based ‘langue d’oïl’ Romance languages and their variants. The prevalent language in the former group is Dutch, spoken... More
The Languages of Iberia c. 300 BCE
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The Languages of Iberia c. 300 BCE

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Before the arrival of the Romans in Iberia a number of languages were spoken, and some writing systems had evolved, frequently borrowing from Greek and Phoenicians, who had established trading colonies on the peninsula. Aquitanian, or Proto-Basque, was an ancestor of modern Basque, and was spoken in the in the... More
The Languages of Switzerland 2000
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The Languages of Switzerland 2000

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The language map of Switzerland reflects the independence and self-governance of its 26 cantons, which have not been subjected to a centralized government or the imposition of a nationwide “official” language. Language distribution within Switzerland is influenced by proximity to other nations. The most common language in Switzerland, spoken by... More
The Missions of Saints Cyril and Methodius, c. 850
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The Missions of Saints Cyril and Methodius, c. 850

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Cyril and Methodius were brothers born in Thessalonika in the early 9th century. The missionary Cyril (826–69) proved a brilliant linguist, while Methodius (815–85) was a sound administrator, who had risen to become an abbot of a monastery. The patriarch of Constantinople sent both the brothers when Prince Ratislav of... More
Ukrainian Speakers by Oblast 2004
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Ukrainian Speakers by Oblast 2004

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The area of modern day Ukraine has always been home to Russian speaking migrants. Throughout the years of Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union there were a number of notable periods during which the Ukrainian language was actively discriminated against as part of an effort to promote the propagation of... More