Annexation

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Central Europe 1797
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Central Europe 1797

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After the third partition of Poland, settled on 26 January 1797, Poland disappeared from the map of Europe and its lands were divided between Prussia, the Habsburg Dominions, and the Russian Empire. The numerous small principalities and duchies on the Rhine left bank became French Republic puppet states after their... More
Expansion of Muscovy 1340–1462
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Expansion of Muscovy 1340–1462

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Ivan I, Grand Duke of Moscow (1325–40), used his favoured vassal status to the Golden Horde to earn the soubriquet ‘gatherer of Russian lands’, inveigling the Khan to murder his rivals, or using trade monopolies to indebt them and annex their territories. Dmitri Donskoy (1359–89) was more bombastic, going to... More
Expansion of Prussia 1815–71
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Expansion of Prussia 1815–71

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At Tilsit (1807), Napoleon ‘had but to raise his hand and Prussia would cease to exist’. The Prussians were helpless bystanders as France and Russia annexed over half their dominions. The critical intervention of Prussia’s most decorated soldier, General Blücher, at Waterloo exacted a sweet revenge on Napoleon; at Vienna... More
Expansion of Russia 1598-1914
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Expansion of Russia 1598-1914

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Russian conquests in central Asia were a piecemeal affair, with frequent diversions to more pressing European entanglements. Subduing the Caucasus took a century (1763–1864), and was finally achieved only by forcibly expelling the rebellious Circassians from their mountain strongholds. These campaigns provoked repeated wars with Persia (1804–13, 1826–28). East of... More
Gaza 1967–83
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Gaza 1967–83

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The annexation of the Gaza Strip by Israel was an accidental by-product of the Six-Day War. Initially, Israeli forces were specifically prohibited from entering it, but when Palestinians there shelled nearby Israeli settlements, its capture was ordered. Prior to the war, the Strip had been under Egyptian military occupation since... More
Napoleon’s Italian Republics c. 1797
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Napoleon’s Italian Republics c. 1797

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After his military demolition of the Austrians (1796–97), Napoleon attempted to impose revolutionary order in Italy. By the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797), Austria retained Venice and its Adriatic appendices, but Piedmont was directly annexed by France, while the spine of northern Italy was converted into the French-controlled Cisalpine Republic... More
Origins of the Cold War, Europe after World War II 1945–1949
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Origins of the Cold War, Europe after World War II 1945–1949

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After cooperating in World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union became antagonists. Immediately after the Potsdam and Yalta agreements in 1945, the Soviet Union consolidated its control in eastern Europe, installing puppet regimes in Soviet-occupied territories. Tensions further heightened when the Soviet Union, under Joseph Stalin, blockaded... More
Partitions of Poland – Russia Moves Westwards 1772–95
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Partitions of Poland – Russia Moves Westwards 1772–95

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In the period 1772–95, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was annexed by Russia, Prussia and Austria during three separate partition agreements. Poland itself was politically compromised with many of its diplomats controlled through Russian bribes. It was also militarily and economically weakened by civil war and became gradually more so with each... More
Poland on the Eve of War
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Poland on the Eve of War

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In 1938 the USSR had been unable to reach a collective security agreement with Britain and France and was facing the prospect of standing alone against Nazi expansion in eastern Europe. Against this background they opened negotiations with Germany and the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact was signed on 23 August 1939. Named... More
Russian Expansion to 1795
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Russian Expansion to 1795

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From the end of Peter I’s reign to the end of Catherine II’s, Imperial Russia enjoyed a period of territorial expansion as it established itself as a major European power. Peter secured Dagestan from the Safavids in 1722, however it was returned in 1735, and Kabardia was declared a Russo-Ottoman... More
Sykes-Picot Plan for Palestine May 1916
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Sykes-Picot Plan for Palestine May 1916

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The Sykes-Picot Agreement secretly planned for the division of the Ottoman Empire between Britain and France upon an entente victory in World War I. It also allocated territory to Russia, whose role was to observe the negotiations. The three powers would take shared responsibility for Palestine and its important holy... More
The Baltic Provinces of Russia c. 1850
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The Baltic Provinces of Russia c. 1850

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Russia had annexed the former Reval and Livonia from Sweden by the Treaty of Nystad (1721), and they were renamed Estland and Livland governates in 1795. As part of that treaty, the territories were accorded a considerable degree of autonomy; their own landtags, or representative assemblies, and their own legal... More