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Showing 13–24 of 64 results

  • products-Ax00776-300x300

    Expeditions of Jedediah Smith 1826–30

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    Jedediah Smith became one of the ‘hundred enterprising young men’ who answered General William Ashley’s call to explore the American North West and compete with British interests in the fur trade. After various exploits, including a mauling by a grizzly bear in Wyoming, Ashley offered him a partnership in his... More
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    Great Zimbabwe c. 1000

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    The earliest stone structures at Great Zimbabwe date to c. 1000, and the main construction took place from the 13th century, possibly through resettlement of the founders of Mapungubwe to the south. The original settlers at the site belong to the Gokomere culture, a Shona people. By the 15th century,... More
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    Growth of African American Population 1680–1770

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    As Revolution neared, the black population of the Thirteen Colonies was approaching half a million: the majority were slaves. From 1680–1740 the black population had doubled and between 1740 and 1770 it tripled in most states, with Virginia having the largest black population, at 187,605. In the northern states of... More
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    Helmand Province

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    Before the US-led invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, Helmand province was the epicentre of Afghan poppy cultivation, with 40,000 hectares being grown in 2000. In 2001 the Taliban, a hard-line Islamic movement that had emerged in the early 1990s in northern Pakistan in the wake of the withdrawal of Soviet... More
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    Iberian Trading Companies 1729–87

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    Between 1729–87 several trading companies were established on the Iberian Peninsula. The Spanish Empire was in decline, compared to the thriving Portuguese Empire. The French Bourbon royal family, who were asserting their claim to the Spanish throne, were determined to revive Spain’s flagging economy by setting up trading companies to... More
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    Imperial Gold in Spanish America 1800

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    The French Revolution would prove doubly toxic to the Spanish and Portuguese New World empires. Its liberation ideology would infect the local Criollo elites (of sole or mainly Iberian descent), while the Napoleonic occupation of the Iberian Peninsula (1808–14) disrupted imperial control over far-flung colonies. By 1833, all the mainland... More
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    India 1756–1805

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    In 1756, the British, under Lieutenant Colonel Robert Clive, ended the Nawab of Bengal’s siege of Calcutta. After his victory at the Battle of Plassey (1757), he fought against the Nawab and his French allies. Clive, sponsored by the British East India Company, became governor of Bengal, beginning two centuries... More
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    Indian Ocean c. 1650

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    After the Portuguese initially made inroads into the Indian Ocean, the Dutch and English followed suit and established themselves over the Portuguese as the major maritime trading powers in the region. The Portuguese forces were small in number and, as a result, could not hold out against concerted efforts to... More
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    Indian Rail Network 1930

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    The imperative that drove the development of railways in India was different from the reasons for building railways in much of the rest of the British Empire. In Africa, Canada and Australasia, the railways opened up wilderness to colonization. India, by contrast, was heavily populated and already had a substantial,... More
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    Industries 1901

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    In 1901, Britain led the world in manufacturing and industry after great expansion and developments during the 19th century. There was an increase in international trade, export successes across the Empire and a new demand for consumer goods from the growing middle-classes. The coal, iron, steel and engineering industries created... More
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    Industry by 1920

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    Henry Ford was the archetypal American industrial mogul and inventor of mass production; at his Ford Motor Company (founded in 1903) ‘The chain never stops, the pace never varies. The man is part of the chain, the feeder and slave of it’. Between 1890 and 1920, America transformed from a... More
  • products-Ax01776-300x300

    Industry c. 1800

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    In 1800, British trade was still governed by mercantilist principles, expressed by Navigation Acts that reserved the shipping of British goods to British vessels, and imposed swingeing duties on foreign imports. The free trade advanced by Adam Smith in his Wealth of Nations (1776) would not prevail until the mid-19th... More
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