Trade Routes

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1860 US Railroads
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1860 US Railroads

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By 1860, 30,000 miles (49,000 km) of railroad tracks had been laid, with 21,300 miles (34,000 km) concentrated in the northeast. The Baltimore and Ohio railroad was the first chartered railroad in the United States and was built to increase the flow of goods between Baltimore and Ohio. After this,... More
Africa in 1600
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Africa in 1600

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The Saadi dynasty of Morocco, would, in a decade, sound the death knell for two African empires. Their campaign (1590–91) destroyed the Songhay and annexed their lucrative trading networks; earlier the crushing of the ‘crusade’ of King Sebastian (1578) had led quickly to Portugal’s absorption by Spain. Moroccan control of... More
Africa, Culture and Trade 1500–1800
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Africa, Culture and Trade 1500–1800

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In the 16th century the Songhay Empire dominated in West Africa through control of the lucrative trans-Saharan caravan routes and trade in slaves and gold. This dominance would be abruptly shattered by the invasion of Sultan Ahmad Al-Mansur of Morocco (1591). The Moroccans soon withdrew, enabling the Air Dynasty of... More
African Trade c. 1300–1400
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African Trade c. 1300–1400

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Medieval trade links were well-established and prosperous, facilitating the movement of goods between Africa, Europe and the East, and the spread of Islam. In North Africa, Muslim traders sent luxury goods such as textiles, beads and ceramics south, while gold, African ivory, kola nuts and slaves moved north. Huge caravans... More
British Empire and Trade Routes c. 1885
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British Empire and Trade Routes c. 1885

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The Pax Britannica (1815–1914) was enforced directly by the global supremacy of the Royal Navy and indirectly by its commercial pre-eminence. Amassing an empire over which ‘the sun never sets’ was only one aspect of this dominance. Through the imposition of imperial free trade, Britain effectively controlled the economies of... More
Expansion of Islam in Southeast Asia 1500–1800
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Expansion of Islam in Southeast Asia 1500–1800

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The first Muslim merchants are recorded in Sumatra in the 7th century. The catalyst for wider dissemination came with the establishment of powerful sultanates with trading empires in the 15th and 16th centuries: Malacca, Brunei and Aceh (Sufi missionaries were also influential). The Portuguese captured Malacca in 1511, but Aceh... More
Indian Ocean c. 1580
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Indian Ocean c. 1580

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In 1497, Vasco da Gama’s expedition past the Cape of Good Hope at the southern end of Africa opened up a new trade route with the Indian Ocean and began an era of Portuguese and European dominance of maritime trade. The Portuguese soon established fortifications and trading outposts along the... More
Japanese Merchant Shipping Routes 1941–45
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Japanese Merchant Shipping Routes 1941–45

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Japanese shipping routes spanned far and wide, taking in Indonesia, the Philippines, the Pacific Island groups, New Guinea and the Dutch East Indies. The ships were the lifelines for the far-flung Japanese outposts of war, providing ammunition, troops, fuel and food to garrisons across the Pacific. Equally important was the... More
Minoan Civilization
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Minoan Civilization

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Archaeologists speculate that the Minoan civilization that thrived on the island of Crete from the 16th to 13th centuries BCE was an autonomous development by descendants of Neolithic island-dwellers, rather than an imported civilization. There is evidence that Cretans had extensive trade links, with Africa, Turkey, Cyprus, the Levant and... More
Mycenaean Cultural Influence 1600-1100 BCE
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Mycenaean Cultural Influence 1600-1100 BCE

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Mycenaean Greece dominated the Greek mainland, the Aegean Islands and the shores of Asia Minor, amalgamating various peoples into a homogenous culture that had influence that reached, at its furthest extent, to the Levant and Sicily. The Mycenaeans were accomplished sailors, who traded olive oil and ceramic vessels for gold,... More
Natural Resources of Ancient Egypt
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Natural Resources of Ancient Egypt

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Egypt’s cardinal resource was the Nile, with its fertile flood plain providing food, and acting as a natural artery of communication and trade. This usually gave surpluses of grain, cotton, and papyrus to utilize in trade. Given the scale of their architectural ambitions, Egypt’s rulers had to large quantities and... More
Near East Trade with Middle Kingdom Egypt 1991–1640 BCE
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Near East Trade with Middle Kingdom Egypt 1991–1640 BCE

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At the height of the Middle Kingdom power and prosperity were cemented by increasing exploitation of the rich resources afforded by the Near East, either through peaceful commerce, the exaction of tribute or military plunder. It is thought that the pyramid at el-Lisht was built by Semite slaves, brought back... More