Treaties

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The Expansion of France and Prussia 1797
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The Expansion of France and Prussia 1797

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Relations between the French Republic and its neighbouring monarchies had deteriorated since 1791. Prussia, in alliance with Austria, declared war on France in June 1792, invading a month later. Thereafter, the First Coalition, which loosely comprised Austria, Prussia, Spain, Holland, Sardinia and Britain, embarked on a series of intermittent invasions... More
The Expansion of the Roman Empire in the East to 188 BCE
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The Expansion of the Roman Empire in the East to 188 BCE

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The Roman Republic first became involved in the affairs of Greece and Asia Minor in 214 BCE, during The First Macedonian War and again in 200 BCE during the Second Macedonian War, when two of Rome’s allies, Pergamon and Rhodes, appealed for help in their struggle with Macedonia. A Roman... More
The Fall of France, the Rise of Vichy June–July 1940
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The Fall of France, the Rise of Vichy June–July 1940

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After the evacuation at Dunkirk and success in northern France, the Germans focused on moving south, with divisions crossing the Seine as well as turning eastward to isolate the remaining French forces at the Maginot Line. They continued to Paris, with German forces sweeping through eastern and western France, and... More
The Habsburg Empire 1648–1914
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The Habsburg Empire 1648–1914

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Having faced destruction during the Siege of Vienna (1683), the Habsburg monarchy of Austria bounced back to secure Hungary and Transylvania from the Ottomans by the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699). Further wars with the Ottomans produced more mixed results: the Banat of Temesvar was annexed in 1718, and (mostly) retained,... More
The Korean War: The Road to the Armistice 27 July 1953
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The Korean War: The Road to the Armistice 27 July 1953

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The second Communist invasion reached its high point on 24 January 1951. From 25 January, however, the UN forces launched a limited counteroffensive, which crept slowly northward reaching the southern outskirts of Seoul by 10 February. Operation Ripper, which began on 7 March, was designed to inflict casualties on the... More
The Lakes Campaign July 1812–November 1814
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The Lakes Campaign July 1812–November 1814

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There were several ostensible provocations leading to America’s declaration of War on Britain in 1812, but most important, perhaps, was President Madison’s belief that the British, locked in an existential struggle with France, would not be able to defend Canadian possessions. Accordingly, the Great Lakes, forming much of the border... More
The Netherlands 1609–48
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The Netherlands 1609–48

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From 1609, a truce subsisted for twelve years between the Spanish and Dutch. However, war would eventually reignite because neither side would commit to religious tolerance in the areas they controlled, and because of growing conflict between their respective colonial and commercial interests. In 1621, hostilities resumed; a Spanish attack... More
The Netherlands c. 1648
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The Netherlands c. 1648

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The Dutch Revolt began in protest against the Spanish ruling monarch, Philip II. The Dutch throne had become one of the many hereditary seats of power that were amassed under the Habsburg Empire. When Charles V began the process of abdication, his son Philip II became king of Spain and... More
The Netherlands under Charles V 1506–55
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The Netherlands under Charles V 1506–55

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Charles V became Holy Roman Emperor in 1506 at the age of six, ruling until 1515 through the regency of his aunt, Margaret of Austria. The empire soon became embroiled in war with France, with one issue being Charles’s requirement for the provinces of Flanders, Artois, and Tournai to pay... More
The New States of Eastern Europe c. 1919
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The New States of Eastern Europe c. 1919

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The wave of national self-determination which swept eastern Europe started with Bolshevik revolution in Russia, and Lenin’s declaration of the people's ‘general right of self-determination’. Finland promptly declared independence in December 1917, which Soviet Russia confirmed. After declaring independence in 1918, Estonia and Latvia had to fight both Baltic Germans... More
The New Turkey 1926
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The New Turkey 1926

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The Treaty of Sèvres (1920) ceded Ottoman territory in Arab Asia and North Africa to the Allies; in 1923, the Turkish War of Independence finally saw off the Allied occupation. Armenia was made independent and Kurdistan (Kars) declared autonomous. The Ankara Agreement replaced this treaty in 1921, when France ceded... More
The Oregon Country and Columbia District Border dispute 1818-46
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The Oregon Country and Columbia District Border dispute 1818-46

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In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, several imperial powers including Spain, Russia, the United States and Great Britain, claimed North America’s Northwest coast. After 1824, only the United States, Russia and Britain maintained territorial claims in the region. Both Britain and the US claimed everything west of the... More