Campaigns

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The Dacian Wars 101–06 CE
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The Dacian Wars 101–06 CE

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When the Roman emperor, Domitian, launched a punitive expedition against the Dacians, he suffered humiliating defeat at Sarmizegethusa in 88 CE. The Dacian general that day, Decebalus, became their king, and secured an annual retainer from the Romans to keep the peace. When Trajan became emperor in 98 CE, he... More
The Danube Campaign April–June 1809
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The Danube Campaign April–June 1809

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The Battle of Aspern-Essling (21 May 1809) punctured Napoleon’s aura of invincibility. Although no rout, it represented his first defeat in a major engagement, and demonstrated the growing shortcomings of the formidable Grande Armée. Swelled by raw recruits and non-French contingents, it was no longer the perfect instrument of Napoleon’s... More
The Defence of France 1814
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The Defence of France 1814

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In 1814 Napoleon’s forces, depleted and weary after two years of successive defeats in Russia and central Europe, were now threatened by a coalition invasion of France itself. Outnumbered by the combined might of Austria, Prussia, Russia, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, Spain and several German states, Napoleon conscripted further... More
The Eastern Front August–December 1914
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The Eastern Front August–December 1914

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Between August–December 1914, the overall picture on the eastern front displayed a dynamic equilibrium. In the north, German victories at Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes had the Russians in retreat but, in the south, the Russians had achieved equally decisive victories over General Conrad’s Austro-Hungarian army in the Battle of... More
The Empire in the East 527–565 CE
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The Empire in the East 527–565 CE

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The reign of Justinian I saw a revival of the Byzantine Empire as he attempted to restore it to its former glory. Disputes with the Persian Sassanid Empire proved a constant threat to the security of the Byzantine frontier. Justinian signed a peace treaty with Sassanid King Khosrau I in... More
The French-Dutch Border 14 June 1815
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The French-Dutch Border 14 June 1815

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After Napoleon’s escape from exile on the island of Elba and return to power in March 1815 the Seventh Coalition was immediately formed by states that opposed his return. There were two Coalition armies already formed and stationed on France’s northern border, the Anglo-allied and Prussian. With Austrian and Russian... More
The Galician Campaign 1–26 September 1914
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The Galician Campaign 1–26 September 1914

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The Galician campaign first demonstrated what the ensuing year would confirm: Austria-Hungary was a great power in name only, and its armed forces were by some margin the least effective of the major protagonists. In late August 1914, the Austro-Hungarian Chief of Staff von Hotzendorf ordered an advance into Poland,... More
The German Offensives 21 March–17 June 1918
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The German Offensives 21 March–17 June 1918

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After almost four years of virtually static, attritional, warfare the first days of the German spring offensive appeared devastatingly successful. Pinpointing a weak point in the Allied defences near Cambrai, the Germans followed up heavy bombardment with lightning strikes spearheaded by elite Stormtroopers. The British 5th Army was forced to... More
The Great Northern War 1700–21
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The Great Northern War 1700–21

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The Swedish Empire was dominant in northern Europe around the turn of the 18th century. Peter the Great was seeking to extend Russia’s influence and needed access to Baltic ports to expand trade. Russia formed an alliance with Denmark-Norway and Saxony-Poland and began a combined attack against Sweden in February... More
The Gulf War Phase 2: 24–26 February 1991
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The Gulf War Phase 2: 24–26 February 1991

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From the middle of February, the US-led coalition subjected Iraqi positions and facilities to massive bombardment. In addition, feint assaults were made, coupled with naval shelling from the Persian Gulf, to give the impression the main attack would come from the south. Instead, early on the 24th, the coalition launched... More
The Hundred Years’ War 1337–1453
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The Hundred Years’ War 1337–1453

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England and France were rarely far from the brink of conflict, and the ‘confiscation’ of Aquitaine by the French king, Philip IV, was more than enough for King Edward III of England. He claimed the French throne, and devastated rural France with massed cavalry raids: ‘chevauchées’. French attempts to confront... More
The Hundred Years’ War and the Black Prince 1337–56
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The Hundred Years’ War and the Black Prince 1337–56

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Edward III of England held a claim to the French throne in opposition to Philip VI, and both the Plantagenets and House of Valois laid claim to the duchy of Aquitaine. In 1337, when Philip confiscated the duchy of Aquitaine from Edward, the English king raised funds for a military... More