Civil Wars

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Roanoke Island 8 February 1862
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Roanoke Island 8 February 1862

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On 7–8 February the Union general, Ambrose Everett Burnside, raised a coastal division to target North Carolina’s Roanoke Island, whose fortifications protected the Sounds, creating a passage for Confederate ships. By taking the island, Burnside believed that he would be able to lay siege to the Confederate naval base at... More
Scotland and the Civil War 1639–51
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Scotland and the Civil War 1639–51

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Between 1639–51, England, Scotland and Ireland fought the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. In 1639, King Charles I unsuccessfully used military means to coerce Scotland into adopting Anglican religious practices. The Scots, most of whom were Covenanters – a dissenting Protestant group, resisted and the ‘Bishops’ Wars’ ensued. Meanwhile, the... More
Second Battle of Manassas (Bull Run) Campaign 8–28 August 1862
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Second Battle of Manassas (Bull Run) Campaign 8–28 August 1862

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After the concluding debacle of the Peninsula Campaign, Lincoln drafted General John Pope to command a new Army of Virginia. Pope was commanded to link up with McClellan’s Army of the Potomac, but he had been appointed as an antidote to McClellan’s discredited ultra-caution, and he resolved to demonstrate the... More
Sheridan and Early in the Shenandoah Valley, 9 October 1864–2 March 1865
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Sheridan and Early in the Shenandoah Valley, 9 October 1864–2 March 1865

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Shenandoah Valley in West Virginia provided a corridor for Confederates to invade the North, with the Blue Ridge Mountains acting as a shield for Confederates to enter Maryland, and Washington DC. Confederate General Jubal Early managed to reach the outskirts of Washington DC in July 1864, but retreated to the... More
Sheridan’s Raid 7–28 June 1864
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Sheridan’s Raid 7–28 June 1864

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On 7 June 1864, while travelling from Spotsylvania to join the Federalist Army of the Potomac at Petersburg, Sheridan distracted Confederate attention away from Commander in Chief Ulysses S. Grant’s crossing of the James River by raiding, for a second time, the Virginia Central railroad. Thwarted by the Confederate cavalry... More
Sheridan’s Raid 9–24 May 1864
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Sheridan’s Raid 9–24 May 1864

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After Union General Philip Henry Sheridan claimed he could ‘whip Stuart’ (‘Jeb’ Stuart, the Confederate general), if he were allowed, he was sent by his Commander in Chief, Ulysses S. Grant, to raid Stuarat’s cavalry near Richmond, Virginia. Sheridan’s advance towards Richmond began on 9 May 1864. On the same... More
Shiloh 6 April 1862
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Shiloh 6 April 1862

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The commanding General of the Union Army Ulysses S. Grant had won promotion, and made himself a reputation, by the capture of Fort Donelson in February: seven weeks later he almost lost it at Shiloh. The Confederate onslaught from Albert Johnston’s army at dawn on 6 April was wholly unexpected,... More
Siege of Atlanta from 22 July 1864
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Siege of Atlanta from 22 July 1864

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In late July 1864, Major General William T. Sherman’s Union army successfully laid siege to Confederate General John B. Hood’s army, which was now garrisoned in Atlanta, an important supply, manufacturing and railway hub. By 22 July, most of the Confederate army had evacuated, but a residual force battled the... More
Siege of Fort Macon 23 March to 26 April 1862
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Siege of Fort Macon 23 March to 26 April 1862

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Positioned to protect the North Carolina ports of Beaufort and Morehead City, Fort Macon was placed under siege by the Union army’s General Burnside from 23 March to 26 April 1862. As part of his North Carolina Expedition, Burnside advanced on Fort Macon and created a military blockade. The Union... More
Siege of Petersburg April 1865
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Siege of Petersburg April 1865

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By April 1865, the siege of Virginia’s second city had lasted 10 months. An earlier Union assault in June 1864 had been repulsed at the Battle of the Crater, but now Confederate defenders were vastly outnumbered, with waning provisions and depleted munitions. At the end of March, Union Commander Ulysses... More
Sinn Féin Pro-Treaty 1922
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Sinn Féin Pro-Treaty 1922

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On 6 December 1921, the Anglo-Irish Treaty established the Irish Free State and ended the two-year Irish War of Independence. Ireland was an independent country and the temporary north-south partition was now permanent, with the six counties of Ulster opting to remain part of Britain. The Irish Free State was... More
Skirmish at Port Republic 8 June 1862
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Skirmish at Port Republic 8 June 1862

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At dawn on 8 June, a regiment of Union cavalry led by Colonel Samuel Carroll burst into Port Republic across the Lower Ford. ‘Stonewall’ Jackson and his staff had been relaxing in the meadows of Dr Kemper’s estate at the southern end of the town. They were chased down the... More