Local Wars

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Boer Wars 1895–1902
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Boer Wars 1895–1902

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After Britain’s humiliating defeat in the First Boer War (1880–81), Prime Minister Gladstone had been happy to agree the London Convention (1884) guaranteeing the independence of the Boer South African Republic. Discovery of massive gold deposits in Transvaal (1886) rekindled British imperialism. The Jameson Raid (1895) was an attempt to... More
British Indian Possessions and Protectorates 1826
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British Indian Possessions and Protectorates 1826

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Between 1806 and 1826 the East India Company continued its policy of expansion and control in India. After the Anglo-Nepal War of 1814 the Company annexed Kumaon and Garhwal , together with a collection of small states formerly allied to the Maratha Confederacy. In 1817 a large Company army invaded... More
British Possessions and Protectorates on the Eve of the Indian Mutiny 1857
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British Possessions and Protectorates on the Eve of the Indian Mutiny 1857

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The period 1839 to 1857 was, as far as the East India Company was concerned, a frantic time of empire-building. The First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–42) saw a British defeat, followed by a terrible retribution and a return to the status quo. The annexation of Sind (1843) was announced in General... More
Butler’s Rangers and the Six Nations 1783–85
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Butler’s Rangers and the Six Nations 1783–85

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Before the Revolutionary War, John Butler was a wealthy landowner in the Mohawk valley. A loyalist, who spoke several Indian languages, he formed his Rangers from pro-British settlers and their Indian allies, achieving a string of successes in the war, some of which were infamous for their brutality. When the... More
Byzantine Empire 1030
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Byzantine Empire 1030

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Following a period of great military success under Basil II, his successors soon demonstrated that they were less able. The second emperor to succeed Basil II, Romanos III, came under repeated attacks by Muslim forces on the eastern frontier and saw them as an opportunity to prove his capability in... More
Byzantine Empire 1278
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Byzantine Empire 1278

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Michael VIII oversaw the restoration of the Byzantine Empire after Constantinople was recaptured from the Latin Empire in 1261. Throughout Michael’s reign, there was a concerted effort to re-establish the Latin Empire and return Constantinople to the control of the pope. This effort was mainly driven by the King of... More
Byzantium and the East 840
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Byzantium and the East 840

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The military tsunami of the Rashidun caliphate conquered half of the Byzantine Empire in the middle of the 7th century. In response, the Byzantines became furiously consumed by an abstruse doctrinal dispute over whether Christ had one (divine) or two (human and divine) natures. A four-year siege of Constantinople finally... More
Byzantium in the Balkans 931–1018
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Byzantium in the Balkans 931–1018

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In the early 10th century, Simeon the Great established a Bulgarian Empire that spanned the Balkan peninsula. While officially at peace with the Byzantines, the Bulgars turned a blind eye to Magyar raids of Byzantine territory, while the Byzantines covertly supported a rebellion against Simeon that created an independent Serbian... More
Campaigns of Charles XII of Sweden 1700–18
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Campaigns of Charles XII of Sweden 1700–18

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The formation of an anti-Swedish coalition between Frederick IV of Denmark, Peter I of Russia and Augustus II, elector of Saxony and king of Poland, began the Great Northern War. Charles XII of Sweden retaliated by attacking Denmark and besieging Copenhagen. He relieved the besieged city of Narva from the... More
Central Europe 1806
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Central Europe 1806

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Following the decisive French victories over the Russian and Austrian armies at the Battle of Austerlitz and the final defeat of the Austrians at Ulm in December 1805, Austria was forced to make significant territorial concessions under the Treaty of Pressburg. This ended the War of the Third Coalition and... More
Central Europe 1807
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Central Europe 1807

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Following Napoleon’s creation of the Confederation of the Rhine from former Austrian territories, Holy Roman Emperor Francis II renounced his throne, thereby dissolving the Holy Roman Empire, which had been in continuous existence since the year 962. The loss of many of the western states that came under the loose... More
Central Europe c. 1720
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Central Europe c. 1720

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In 1720 the Habsburgs dominated Central Europe. The Treaty of The Hague (1720), which followed the defeat of the ambitious Philip V of Spain by the Quadruple Alliance of Britain, France, Austria and the Dutch Republic (Netherlands), consolidated the Habsburg position. Philip was forced to end his claims to lands... More