Strategy

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The Phoney War German and Allied Plans September 1939–April 1940
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The Phoney War German and Allied Plans September 1939–April 1940

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In October 1939 the Germans created ‘Fall Gelb’ (Plan Yellow), plotting an invasion of France via Belgium, avoiding the Maginot Line. In January 1940, a German plane carrying documents crashed in Belgium, forcing a change of tactics. Army Group B would invade through the Netherlands and Belgium, focusing the Allies’... More
The Roman Legion 200 BCE
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The Roman Legion 200 BCE

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By 200 BCE, the Romans based their armies around the maniple (‘handful’) of c. 160 men, typically arrayed in the quincunx checkerboard formation; this supplied the flexibility to outmanoeuvre enemies arrayed in a massed phalanx, or respond to more mobile cavalry attack. In battle, the Romans usually placed patrician cavalry... More
The Schlieffen Plan 1905 and 1914
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The Schlieffen Plan 1905 and 1914

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Postwar Germany overwhelmingly ascribed their ultimate defeat to the failure of Field Marshal von Moltke to adhere to the Schlieffen Plan. This plan, prepared in 1905, dictated a lightning strike with overwhelming force on the western front, rapidly capturing Paris and neutralizing France, thence enabling German forces to concentrate on... More
The War of 1812
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The War of 1812

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The war had three main theatres: the Gulf of Mexico and American southwest; the Atlantic seaboard; and, the Canadian borders. Initially, preoccupied by the war with Napoleon, the British adopted a defensive stance, using their naval supremacy to blockade American ports, although, with the aid of their Indian allies, gains... More
The Wireless War 1939–45
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The Wireless War 1939–45

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Encrypted communications were used by all major military powers by World War II, so the ability to crack methods of encryption was vital to maintaining the upper hand in strategic decisions. The Germans used the Enigma machine and its successors, the much more powerful Lorenz SZ40 and SZ42, to encrypt... More
The World 1942
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The World 1942

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In 1942 the Axis powers were Germany, Italy and Japan, who had cemented their alliance in December 1941 by collectively declaring war on the US. Japan and Germany reached an agreement concerning their operational spheres, with a dividing line along the 70th meridian east line of longitude. By 1942, the... More
To the Front 1917–18
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To the Front 1917–18

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By 1918, the Selective Service Act, the conscription of young men into the US army, meant that the relatively small standing army swelled to 4,000,000. General Pershing, the commander of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), insisted troops receive full combat training before arriving in France, so their direct impact on... More
US Government and High Command 1914–1918
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US Government and High Command 1914–1918

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As the USA entered the war in 1917, new branches of government were created to ease the burden on the pre-existing peacetime administrative system. President Woodrow Wilson, although possessing ultimate jurisdiction over all aspects of the war effort, delegated combat decisions to the top ranks of the Army and Navy,... More
US Soldiers by State 1917–18
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US Soldiers by State 1917–18

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After the US declared war upon the Central Powers in April, 1917, President Wilson introduced compulsory conscription. This was after the first six weeks of voluntary enlistment produced only 73,000 recruits, rather than the anticipated million. The Selective Service Act introduced a ‘liability of military service of all male citizens’... More
US Supply Routes 1941–45
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US Supply Routes 1941–45

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The United States Neutrality Act of 1939 required that military supplies were dispatched on a ‘cash and carry’ basis, but by 1941 Great Britain could no longer afford to pay. In March 1941 Roosevelt created Lend-Lease to enable the United States to send free supplies such as munitions, fuel and... More
V2 Ballistic Missile 1944–45
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V2 Ballistic Missile 1944–45

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Built by the Germans in World War II as a response to Allied bombings, the V2 is the world’s first long-range guided missile. First used against London in September 1944, V2s were 45ft 11in high (14 m), with a diameter of 5ft 5in (1.65 m) and weighed 28,000 lbs (12,500... More
World Battle Fleets and Major Naval Bases 1914
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World Battle Fleets and Major Naval Bases 1914

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The relative strengths and dispositions of naval forces at the outset of World War I favoured an Allied strategy of containment. Outside the European seaboards, the Central Powers had only one significant naval presence, the German East Asia squadron headquartered at Tsingtao in China (it would be destroyed attempting to... More